SENIOR TEXT

Art. 304.    Dates.
    The history of Chiropractic is really the history of adjustments.  Quotation from Volume IV:
    “Although Chiropractic was not so named until 1896, yet the naming of ‘Chiropractic’ was much like the naming of a baby; it was nine months old before it was named.  Chiropractic, in the beginning of the thoughts upon which it was named, dates back at least five years previous to 1895.  During those five years, as I review many of these writings, I find they talk about various phases of that which now constitutes some of the phases of our present day philosophy, showing that my father was thinking along and towards those lines which eventually, suddenly crystallized in the accidental case of Harvey Lillard, after which it sprung suddenly into fire and produced the white hot blaze.” (B.J. Palmer)
    As Chiropractic grew, other important things useful in Chiropractic were discovered: Palpation, between 1898 and 1900; Nerve Tracing, 1905; Meric System, 1909; Spinograph, 1910, Taut and Tender Fibers, 1922; Neurocalometer, 1924. (Note – I heard B.J. explain Taut Fibers in 1920 in his classes, as if it were then old to him.  But no one seemed to pay much attention to it until in 1922, when he began to emphasize it; so, 1922 is the date usually mentioned. R. W. S.)

Art. 305.    History Of Adjusting.
    I prefer to quote B.J. Palmer in “Majors and Minors,” page 7, in order to tell the History of Adjustments:
    “The first patient who received a Chiropractic adjustment was Harvey Lillard, a colored man.  The incident, in brief, follows.  He had been deaf 17 years, so much so that from the Fourth Floor of the building where he was janitor he could not hear wagons moving or street cars rolling on the streets below.  When asked how he became deaf, his explanation follows: ‘While in a cramped, stooped position, I felt and heard something pop in my back.  Immediately, I went deaf.’  To one who was observant, a student, that would be an accidental eye-opener, and it was to D. D. Palmer who asked, ‘What is the connection between the back and hearing in the ears?’  He examined the back.  By good fortune, the first case in which a spine was examined with that thought in view, a LARGE bump was found.  It was not one of the common bumps we see today in palpation, but so prominent it could be seen with the eye.
    “The following consequential reasoning occurred.  If there was no bump when the hearing was good, and the production of this bump destroyed hearing, why don’t the reduction of the bump restore hearing?  The first attempt to correct, what is now a subluxation, was then made.  The patient was put upon the floor, face down, and a shove-like movement given.  The “bump” was reduced by the first three shoves, and in three days hearing was restored.  Harvey could hear a watch tick at the average distance you and I can today.
    “The next question was, if the reduction of one bump in one man restores hearing, why won’t a similar bump, in other people, produce deafness, and if it does, why wouldn’t the reduction of these bumps, in the same way, restore their hearing?  It was tried on others.  By a peculiar series of circumstances, the results did not come as readily in their cases, but eventually they came.
    “Then the third question arose: If a bump in the back caused deafness, why not other parts of the spine produce other dis-ease?  So our question has gradually enlarged until by a systematic systemic series of investigations, covering years, you have your Chiropractic of today.
    “Education advanced.  After a period we ceased calling them ‘bumps.’  They became ‘dislocations.’  We, at a later time, were impressed with the idea that this bump was not a dislocation.  It was, in reality, not a dislocation but partial, more assuming the character of a luxation, yet not a luxation.  It was a subluxation.
    “When we had assumed, as a matter of education, that breadth of ideals where they became subluxations, we no longer assumed to shove.  We developed the ‘push and pull principle,’ which was of various forms and methods.
    “We began, at a following period, to study the spine from a MECHANICAL point of view.  Until this time the only people who attempted to study the spine, as a machine, were osteopaths, although pathologically they still regarded man as chemistry and physics.
    “We confined our observations of mechanical ideas to the spine, so much so that we brought out the ‘Knowledge of the Kinematics of the Spine’; both normal and abnormal, as to position, apposition, and subluxations.  We then began the study of the pathological, traumatic and anomalous conditions of the spine.  At that time began the gathering of the osteological collection which we now possess, for the purpose of elucidating the theories then held and propagation of others.
    “It became necessary that we know the human spine.  That was the keynote of the study of CAUSES of diseases of man.  We studied spines of all characters; thousands of other bones that we might better reach a new thought or idea in progress.  How well that has been done you know today.  Hours, months, and years were spent in the study of ‘dead bones’ to be able to give thoughts that may be taught in a few minutes.  Yet it took years to reach the conclusions given in a few minutes.
    “When we studied the spine, mechanically speaking, we realized that ‘treatment’ was far-fetched in its application, as describing the thing we attempted to do.  Being a machine, mechanically constructed, mechanically subluxated, it should be mechanically ADJUSTED.  Then came the word ‘adjustment.’
    “Approximately six years ago we began a series of clinical tests or investigations from a new viewpoint.  I refer to the Spinograph.  Until that period the X-Ray had not been used in its application to human spines in living individuals for the purpose of ascertaining the approximate detailed apposition of the vertebrae, normal, abnormal and traumatic.  When we made our first series of Spinographs we were the first to touch this vital question.  There existed no previous technique for our observations or work.  It became necessary to develop a system of taking spinographs to prove that subluxations existed, where and of what character.
    “We began tabulating these observations, which today we are ready to say makes another step.  These conclusions are based on the readings and studies of over 50,000 spinographs, all of which were taken in our laboratory with this definite end in view.
    “It is no longer sufficient to say that we adjust with the recoil.  We are ready for our next step, which you may call ‘206,’ altho I prefer the ‘Toggle-Recoil’ because of its application by the new series of observations made from the spinographic facts.
    “History is ‘his-story.’  The ‘his’ in this case being the author who has lived it, been the cause for a large majority of it, therefore the source of the facts here recorded could not be improved.” (B.J. Palmer)

Art. 306.    Four Viewpoints Of Area Adjusted. (From Maj. and Min., page 9.)
    “From the question of area of the spine worked upon, there have been four viewpoints in adjusting work:
    “1.  Ordinarily we shoved but one of the back-bones and our patient got well.  All of which was pure accident for we did not know why this place should, neither was there a rule for application.  Ask where to shove for this or that and we didn’t know.  The spine was unexplored territory.
    “2.  Being unexplored territory, wishing to get our cases well irrespective of what he had, knowing that it came from the spine somewhere, we shoved every back bone at each ‘sitting’ each day.  We began at the 7th cervical and went clear down to the sacrum – we did not shove cervical vertebrae in those days, we were afraid to.  We shoved them all, one by one, on the ground that (a) we didn’t know where to shove for any one particular trouble; (b) we had no meric system, the spine was not mapped out; (c) therefore hit them all to be sure to hit the one involved.  It was not a hit-or-miss proposition, it was a hit-’em-all method, so we couldn’t help but get the one involved.  It was a case of the lazy man’s load; being too indolent to think or reason, we made a shot-gun series of shoves.  Much like ‘Uncle Howard’ Nutting says he ‘got the burglar in his house.’  He ‘started at the garret, went clean down to the cellar, shooting into every corner where a burglar could hide,’ therefore ‘he was sure he got the burglar.’
    “Notwithstanding, this extreme shot-gun method was in vogue in the Chiropractic styles of 1896-7; notwithstanding, a major application of our meric system began in 1898, and the major application went out of style and has been ever since; yet, inconsistent as it now appears, there is one lone advocate in our ranks who insists upon the every-vertebra-adjustment idea today.  Not being taught today in any Chiropractic school, not being known by the largest majority of our ranks, it is not known except to the oldest Chiropractors, hence when it is sprung at some meeting, it awakens a bit of interest not because of its reason or logic or brilliancy of deduction, but because of its startling contrasting nature.
    “3.  The third viewpoint came following the deduction of the radiation of nerves from specific parts of the spine to specific organs of the body.  The meric system being the basis, the ‘specific system, of adjustment came into vogue.  We now adjusted only those subluxations for which the patient had a dis-ease.  For example: our case has heart, stomach, liver and bowel troubles.  The subluxations – a la meric system – were H. P., S. P., K. P., and P.P.  This man instead of getting 17 shoves on the back got but 4, one for each.  It eliminated the useless and concentrated on the useful.  It was direct, a subluxation for a dis-ease.  Thus its title – ‘specific.’
    “4.  The fourth viewpoint is our present ‘Major and Minors’ wherein we even make the ‘specific system’ a major and minor one in reality.  Under this system we classify the symptoms of the four given troubles above and possibly find that two or three of the dis-eases this case has, are adaptative to the one or two subluxations, hence are minors of the major; the adjustment of the latter taking care of the former. (More of this appears later.)
    “There have been in reality four periods in the history of Chiropractic ‘moves.’  First, the shove, with its variations from Nos. 1 to 78; second, the push and pull, with its changes from Nos. 70 to 200; third, the recoil, with its modes from Nos. 201 to 205; fourth, the period of the toggle-recoil or ‘206’.” (B.J. Palmer)

Art. 307.    The Palmer Toggle Recoil.
    The Palmer Toggle Recoil, No. 206, is still being used as the one specific and best “move” which accomplishes the greatest percentage of adjustments.  However, since the time the above was written by B.J., the New Posture, or Knee Posture, or Palmer Posture, came into use as a new phase, about 1922.  It is Dr. Palmer’s opinion, supported by the Faculty of The P. S. C., that it is the best posture for the patient, which, used with No. 206, is the best combination to date. (See The Art of Chiropractic, textbook of The Palmer School of Chiropractic.)

Art. 308.    How Chiropractic Was Named.
    Chiropractic was named by Dr. Samuel H. Weed, a minister well versed in ancient languages.  Chiropractic is a word composed for the Greek; cheir meaning the hand, and praktos meaning done; hence, done by hand.  Chiropractic has always run true to its name.  The chiropractor adjusts subluxations, with his hands only, and therefore must have dexterity and skill.  This is art.

Art. 309.    The Major Premise.  Principle No. 1. (Art. 24)
    Universal Intelligence is in all matter and continually gives to it all its properties and actions.
    Since it is universal it is common to every locality.  Therefore, it is in anything and everything that is in the same locality.  In the beginning it created matter; it did not, then, abandon matter but creates or unfolds thoughts for it every moment.  This solicitude maintains matter in existence.  The physical “properties” which matter has, are but force (energy) continually given to it by intelligence.  In a like manner, the quality that matter is said to possess, is what intelligence is giving it.  Life, as Chiropractic sees it, is a quality or character that matter may have, occasioned by the presence of, or attention of intelligence, having continuation or duration, involving time. (See Webster).  No lesser agency than Universal Intelligence can prevent any of these things but the perfect expression of intelligence, according to what man wants, may be prevented by the limitations of matter.  Even this is a universal law and is a phase of the Universal Cycle.
    Life is combination of intelligence, force, and matter.  Matter makes up the material universe – intelligence is the immaterial universe, and force is what binds them together.  We perceive force as forms of energy.
    Matter is that which fills space and its function is to express force.  It does not fill all space, but there is no limit to the places you may find it.  You may travel in space (if you could) for an unlimited time, and no matter how far you got, you would find material.  The amount of it is infinite.  “Infinite” means having no limit – no boundaries.  “Universal” means everywhere – common to every locality.  Therefore, being infinite and everywhere, we use the term Universe.  If you subtract from the material universe, any amount you wish to name – no matter how large – it would not diminish the total amount.  That is what infinity means.
    The Immaterial Universe is the Intelligence that made all this.  It, too, is everywhere, and therefore it is in all matter.  It created everything, so it must have “known how” infinitely, and is all-wise.  It is stronger than the strongest thing it made; and older, for it was there first.  It is omnipotent, and unlimited.  It fills all time, space, and distance.
    The definitions of Chiropractic give it plenty of latitude in the realm of things universal.  Therefore we are able to go back to the most fundamental principle of all; to “get our backs against the wall,” so to speak, and know that we are starting at the beginning.  To question this fundamental is to be like the child who turns a picture over to see it from the back, or asks who made God.

Art. 310.    The Chiropractic Meaning Of Life.  Principle No. 2.
    The expression of intelligence through matter is the Chiropractic meaning of life.
    The meaning of the term life has many interpretations.  It is usually accepted to mean existence, or duration, or a vague idea of both.  To Chiropractic, it is definitely the expression of intelligence; the manifestation of intelligence.  Then in this broad sense the meaning is not limited to mere organic matter, but includes all matter.  Therefore, we will be obliged to make a deductive classification, going from the general to the specific, (Art. 12) and deal with the specific; viz., universal life and organic life.

Art. 311.    The Union Of Intelligence And Matter.  Principle No. 3.
    Life is necessarily the union of intelligence and matter.
    Without intelligence, matter could not even exist.  Without matter, intelligence could not be expressed.  We are never aware of motion unless we perceive matter moving.  The study of physics shows us that some form of energy gets into matter to make it move.  Without this energy, matter is inert.  The study of physics also shows us that no matter is totally inert; therefore it always has some energy in it.  Energy must have an origin.  From its character of precision and accuracy, we deduce that its origin is intelligence – nothing less.  These facts from which we derive our conclusions are axioms – can be perceived everywhere.  Our recognition of the intelligence of life or of motion in matter depends upon our ability to recognize law.

Art. 312.    The Triunity Of Life.  Principle No. 4.
    Life is a Triunity having three necessary united factors; viz., intelligence, force, and matter.
    Without intelligence, matter could not even exist.  Without matter, intelligence could not be expressed.  Then there is a bond between intelligence and matter that cannot be dispensed with.  These three factors; intelligence, matter, and the bond between them, are inseparable.  The bond is called force.  It is sometimes called “The Missing Link.”  Unlike other sciences, which study them separately, Chiropractic studies them all together.  From this fundamental arises Dr. Palmer’s comparison and his epigram. (See Art. 20.)

Art. 313.    The Perfection Of The Triunity.  Principle No. 5.
    In order to have one hundred per cent life, there must be one hundred per cent of intelligence, one hundred per cent of force, one hundred per cent of matter.
    It is obvious that the three factors of the triunity are inseparable; they are not separable in part, if one hundred per cent perfection is to be maintained.  Since intelligence is always one hundred per cent perfect, and always creates one hundred per cent of force, it is certain that if any imperfections of the triunity exist, (clinical findings show that they do exist) that matter is the only part of the triunity that can be imperfect.  Since matter cannot be destroyed by any lesser agency than the Creator, it is obvious that this imperfection is not in matter itself, but in the quantity, quality, and arrangement of matter.  Hence, there are limitations in structures of matter; in its imperfect building; its imperfect arrangements; the wrong kind of matter for the purpose or even the lack of matter which should be in that structure but is not.  From this fact arises the expression so often used fundamentally in Chiropractic.  The expression of intelligence may be hindered by the limitations of matter.

Art. 314.    The Principle Of Time.  Principle No. 6.
    There is no process which does not require time.
    Since action of matter implies a procession of events, a continuity, naturally time enters into the triunity as an element.  Time is an element necessary to the bond between intelligence and matter.  Force is a word implying action; action is process.  Action implies one event after another.  One event after another, forming a series, implies time.  No happening, even though it takes only a moment, but happens in a unit of time, or a fraction of a unit of time.

Art. 315.    The Amount Of Intelligence In Matter.  Principle No. 7.
    The amount of intelligence for any given unit of matter is always one hundred per cent, and is always proportional to its requirements.
    There are any number of instances in the existence of matter which prove that it has the requisite amount of attention from the Creator.  That requisite amount is enough and no more.  It is, therefore, the perfect amount – one hundred per cent.  “Amount” means perfection, and that is what is needed for the maintenance of the unit as it is.  No power less than the Creator could deprive a unit of matter of its share of intelligence; but the limitations of matter may prevent the expression of that intelligence.  The “amount” that one unit has, may be less than that which another unit has, but is always one hundred per cent for that particular unit.  This holds true in both organic and inorganic matter.

Art. 316.    The Function Of Intelligence.  Principle No. 8.
    The Function of Intelligence is to create force.
    Everything in the universe has a purpose; that purpose is its function.  Intelligence is in the universe, therefore it has a function.  It is evident that the function of intelligence is to think.  Thinking is the origin of force.  Creating is the thinking or unfolding of thoughts.  The force of thought is the greatest of all forces, for it is really the fundamental of all energies; of all dynamics.

Art. 317.    Mind. (116 to 125 V)
    Mind is the activity of Innate Intelligence in the brain as an organ.
    The introduction of thought into matter via the brain. (Prin. 3, 8, 10, 13.)
    Chiropractic maintains that Innate Intelligence is the power which governs the body; is the ego itself.  You are your Innate Intelligence, and your Innate Intelligence is you.  If you claim that you are master of your Innate, that is a mistaken assumption of values and is the same as Innate belittling herself.  Surely, Innate would never do this; but when it appears that she does, it is a mis-expression. (Prin. 24)
    Mind is the term applied to what intelligence does when it is at work.
    Innate Mind and Educated Mind are terms used to indicate the kind of work being done.
    When Innate does not work, there is no mind.
    Let us compare a musician to the Power; his instrument to the brain, and music to mind.  When the musician plays on his instrument, as an organ of expression, there is music.  When the musician ceases playing, there is no music expressed.
    In Chiropractic, the term mind is considered a little differently than it is in psychology.  In psychology, one mind is considered in two divisions – conscious and subconscious, with no definite division between them.  Psychology considers that this mind is the governing intellect and implies that while the subconscious mind may govern metabolism and the like, the conscious mind is your ego; is really the master.  We gather from the teachings of psychology, which is based upon a materialistic view, that one can willfully govern his own destinies, even to the extent of healing.
    Chiropractic does not use the terms conscious mind and subconscious mind at all, for there is absolutely no application of these terms to anything Chiropractic.  Chiropractic Philosophy is not a study of psychology, any more than it is of chemistry or physics.  Chiropractic recognizes and honors all the findings of the psychologist as it does that of the physicist.  It makes use of these findings as it does those of the physicist and agrees with psychology as long as it is consistent with Chiropractic.  In other words, there is a Chiropractic psychology, which is the study of the mind.
    All the psychology that is considered in Chiropractic can be studied under the division called “Mental,” the third step of the Cycle.

Art. 318.    Innate Mind. (125 V)
    Innate Mind is the activity of Innate Intelligence in the innate brain as an organ.
    The product of this activity is Innate thoughts or mental force.
    The act or business of assembling forces in Innate brain.
    Even when “she” uses educated brain, she first uses innate brain. (See Fig. 4.)
    If Innate ceased giving attention to a tissue cell one single instant, that tissue cell would either act incoordinately, be poisoned, or be bodily injured.
    All of these dangers being made are by the unadapted universal forces present in all matter. (Prin. 1, 11.)
    This attention is given in the form of mental impulses, which are adapted forces, to cause the tissue cell to act in an adaptative manner and thus escape or overcome the dangers, however slight.  Therefore, the innate brain must be used every instant by Innate and consequently, Innate mind is in existence all the time. (If the musician plays all the time, there will be music all the time.)

Art. 319.    Educated Mind.
    Educated Mind is the activity of Innate Intelligence in the educated brain as an organ.
    The product of this activity is educated thoughts; such as, reasoning, will, memory, etc.
    Innate controls the functions of the “voluntary” organs via the educated brain. (See diagram, Fig. 4.)
    Educated thoughts are mostly for adaptation to things external to the body.
    Educated thoughts are never outwardly expressed until Innate does it through Innate brain; for instance, one may have a thought, but be unable to express it vocally, if Innate is unable to operate the organs of speech owing to interference with transmission of mental impulses.  In any case, we should not know how to operate the organs of speech even though we can will them to act.  The educated thoughts may be kept within the brain and as Chiropractic says, expressed there, but which psychologists say make a physiological change in the tissue of the brain.  We see no reason why we should not agree with this theory.
    In the last analysis, all educated thoughts; education, will, memory, reasoning, etc., are for adaptation to things external to the body.
    They are for welfare, comfort, betterment and safety to the body.  Though we sit down in an easy chair and read a book, go to a show, these, after all, are processes of education which are for a more competent adaptation to environment.  The fact that it may give us pleasure, does not detract from the fact, for successful adaptations always give pleasure; it is a natural psychological law.
    The reason that man ranks the highest among living things is because he possesses an organ for that class of adaptations more highly developed than those of others.
    “Voluntary” movements are those caused by Innate which conform to or are influenced by the number of times that movement has been made before.  In other words, it is an educated movement; and its efficiency is dependent upon experience in doing that thing.
    The term voluntary has reference to the will.
    Voluntary movements are those we educationally will to do.
    Analyzation shows us that this is Innate adapting a move to “synthetic” environment; to a group of “stored-up” percepts; instead of immediately fresh ones.  For example, we decide to take a walk.  The decision came from no outside influence, but it was born of a group of feelings or thoughts which we had experienced before.
    We do not use the terms voluntary and involuntary because they imply that something might be involuntary to Innate Intelligence, which is impossible.

Art. 320.    The Philosophy Of Education. (See Webster for education and percept.)
    The Philosophy of Education is that every experience and percept is stored away in the brain, in a manner not well understood by any science.
    Education is the term applied to the amount of stored-up experiences and percepts.
    Reasoning is the present comparisons and classifications of stored-up experiences together with present percepts and experiences.
    Memory is a new mental adaptation to old percepts and experiences.
    Will is mental or physical adaptation to a new grouping of old percepts and experiences, usually influenced by the present.
    Knowledge is the term applied to stored-up educational values when they are so classified and grouped as to be readily useful.
    Wisdom is the term applied to mental skill in classification and comparison of educational values together with present percepts; “common sense.”
    Instinct is the initial small amount of experience recorded in the brain for a “nest-egg.”  Living things blessed with very much of this have little ability to accumulate anything new.
    A genius is one who has an unusually augmented group of educational values centered around one phase of human activity; or has this group instinctively developed to start with.
    The usefulness of educated mind to Innate depends upon the amount of experiences stored away and present ability to group these experiences.  An old man may have gone through many experiences, but stored few percepts.  In that case, he has small education.  Again, an old man may have stored away many percepts, but owing to illness, childishness, or other incoordinations, may be unable to make adequate present comparisons.  A feeble minded person, being born that way, would be unable to store many percepts, so experience would avail him but little.  In that case, it is probable that the brain tissue is defective or deficient, so that Innate has not adequate material to work with. (Prin. 24.)
    Innate does not record in the brain all that she knows, or all that she does in the body.  In fact, only a small portion is recorded.  The amount that Innate can record is limited by the brain tissue, even in the best of brains.  Thus, Innate’s expression is limited by the limitations of matter. (Prin. 5, 24.)  To express infinite wisdom, Innate would require infinite brain tissue.  Therefore the educated mind is finite and also limited to a lifetime, at the end of which the material records are “returned to dust.”
    Educated minds probably have very few entirely original thoughts.  They are so bound by instinct, habit, precedent, and the limitations of matter, the influences of environment containing thousands of similar influences and combinations of circumstances, that few minds are peculiar enough (literally they are peculiar), to lead off into untrammeled pathways.  What they do is new to them and new to contemporaneous minds and so it is said to be entirely new.  Perhaps it is; perhaps no human mind ever thought of it before, but it is certain that it is not new to any Innate.  Universal Intelligence knows it, and Innate as a part of Universal knows anything that is and will be pertaining to the matter in her care.  Therefore, what man invents is well known to Intelligence and would likely have been expressed before, had the same happy physical and circumstantial combinations existed before.

Art 321.    Consciousness. (127, 314 V) (Webster.)
    Consciousness means awareness.
    The present process of classification and comparison of percepts by Innate Intelligence.
    Innate mind is active and aware all the time and receives all impressions.
    (Note – a percept is an educational impression.)
    Educated mind is aware part of the time; Innate records and compares percepts there during waking moments.
    The term “awareness” or “consciousness” is better understood when applied to educated mind.
    Innate receives impressions in innate brain all the time, but while we sleep, these, even the ones from the special senses, are not recorded.  When we are awake, the reports from the special senses, and many others, are recorded, more or less definitely, and we are able to recall most of them, if the occasion and combination or circumstances are favorable.
    For example, if we commit to memory a piece of poetry, and then “forget it,” and twenty years later commit it to memory again, it will seem vaguely familiar, and “learning it by heart” is easier than it was the first time.
    Again: If we hear a band play a certain piece of music, and if we notice the strains at all, even without interest, the same strains will sound familiar years afterward, and may even call back a visualization of the place where it was heard.

Art. 322.    Unconsciousness. (314 V)
    Unconsciousness is the lack or absence of functional activity in educated brain.
    Metabolistic activity, however, is not necessarily lacking.
    Normal unconsciousness is the normal withdrawal of functional activity by Innate; as, in sleep.
    Abnormal unconsciousness is the condition when there is a lack of absence of functional activity, not brought about by Innate, but due to interference with transmission of mental impulses, trauma, or poisoning.
    There is no unconsciousness in innate brain as long as there is life in the body.
    Normal unconsciousness, as sleep, is necessary and beneficial.  It is the natural method of Innate to relax the body and brain and relieve them from all educated function which is very wearing and productive of waste materials.  It is a sort of “moratorium” allowing time for tissues to be cleansed, repaired, and brought up to their full status of construction.
    Abnormal unconsciousness, as abnormal sleep or coma, is not natural; is not beneficial, and is not brought about by Innate.  It is not in any way desirable to Innate, and while in that state the tissues of the body and brain are being deprived of Innate’s ministrations and sometimes are damaged beyond repair.

Art. 323.    Specific Phases Of Unconsciousness. (313 to 320 V)
    Sleep is a normal unconsciousness as an adaptive act for bodily reparation.
    Dreaming is an abnormal activity of some educated brain cells during sleep.
    Sleep, if it is normal, is accompanied by perfect relaxation and is a complete resting of the educated brain.  If, however, there is some interference with transmission, and perhaps poisons in the Serous Circulation due to poor elimination, indigestion, or other incoordinations, some of the educated brain cells are not resting as they should be and are acting when Innate does not wish them to do so.  This pseudo-functioning is not caused by Innate, but by poisons keeping the cells awake. (229, 317 V)
    Since all the brain is not awake and there is not perfect intercommunication between all cells, perfect ideation is not obtained, and their concepts are apt to be sketchy and erratic, hence the fantasy of dreams.  From this it can be seen that dreams are mild mental insanity. (316 V)
    If a large enough section of the educated brain is awake, with the rest of the educated brain asleep, it is possible to get a connected train of thought on one line; consequently, some remarkably clear thinking sometimes is accomplished in dreams.  As, when a student who has been worrying about a mathematical problem, easily solves it in a dream.  The working section is not bothered by other influences and is able to be used in concentrated thinking.
    Sleep talking is a form of dreaming in which the center from which the organs of speech are governed is awake.
    If no reasoning centers are awake at the same time the “talking” is apt to be mere gibberish, there being no thoughts to utter.
    Sleep walking is a form of dreaming in which the centers from which the locomotive organs are governed are awake.
    This may or may not be accompanied by wakefulness of some reasoning or talking centers.
    Fainting is a form of unconsciousness due to sudden anemia of the brain; sometimes adaptive and sometimes not.
    If it is adaptative, it is a protective measure by Innate to rescue from sudden or violent physical or mental stress.  If it is not adaptive, it is not a condition desired by Innate, and is in no way beneficial and may even be dangerous.
    Coma is a form of unconsciousness, strictly abnormal, and is often a symptom of approaching death.
    In a profound coma it is impossible to wake the patient and death soon ensues.  There are other forms of coma not fatal but always serious, in which it is possible to wake the patient, but with considerable effort. (See Symptomatology.)
    Narcotic sleep is an abnormal sleep due to paralysis of educated brain tissues by poisons. (315, 308, V)
    Hypnotic sleep is a state of unconsciousness induced by relaxation. (315 V)
    Normal sleep is accompanied by relaxation.  Profound sleep – perfect relaxation.  No educated thought – no educated expression.  To reverse this process, as we can see many such reversals in nature, perfect relaxation is accompanied by sleep.  No need for educated expression, therefore there are no educated thoughts; a law of cause and effect and adaptation.  The will is the first to succumb.  Hypnotism is accomplished by monotony.  Monotony, by its sameness, calling forth a long succession of identical adaptations, induces relaxation and sleep follows.  This is accomplished usually through the sense of hearing and of sight.  To gaze fixedly for a long time will induce hypnotism.  A monotonous sound, as the hum of a dynamo will also act the same.  The hypnotist makes use of both of these, also of suggestion.

Art. 324.    Mental Insanity. (316 V)
    Mental insanity is unsound mind due to unsound educated brain cells.
    Incoordination in educated brain.
    “Dreaming in greater degree” (Palmer).
    “Just as the different tissues of the body are dependent upon nutrition for the proper performance of their functions, so is the educated brain.” (Palmer)
    The educated brain tissues can be made unsound by interference with transmission of metabolistic impulses (see vegetative impulses in 317 V; 286 Morat; 281 Pottenger) which make them susceptible to poisons in the Serous Circulation.  If these cells are unsound they cannot function properly and coordinately, hence their product, thought, will be unsound.
    The term insane is used synonymously with unsound in Chiropractic.  To speak of insanity does not mean mental insanity, necessarily, in Chiropractic.  When it is necessary to indicate the latter, the two words, mental insanity are used.  We also speak of physical insanity meaning unsoundness of any tissue cell.  The common, or medical usage of the term insanity is to indicate mental insanity only.  The student is cautioned to be sure to learn this difference in the use of terminology.

Art. 325.    The Amount Of Force Created By Intelligence.  Principle No. 9.
    The Amount of Force Created by Intelligence is always one hundred per cent.
    Force is an immaterial thing; there is nothing to prevent intelligence from creating all it wants of it.  But intelligence being perfect, therefore incapable of incorrect action, creates the requisite amount – no more, no less.  The amount of force created by Innate in the brain cell is the proper amount to perform a specific act – no more, no less – hence one hundred per cent.  The amount created a moment later for the same tissue cell, may not be as much or the same quality, but would be exactly suitable for the occasion.  This shows the law of adaptation.

Art. 326.    The Function Of Force.  Principle No. 10.
    The Function of Force is to unite intelligence and matter.
    We would never know there is such a thing as intelligence, since it is abstract, unless it is shown to us by matter; that is, expressed.  Matter cannot exist without the attention of intelligence.  Structures of matter cannot exist without the building forces of intelligence.  Structures of matter cannot continue to exist without the maintenance by intelligence.  This is accomplished by the application of force by intelligence.  Thus force is the connecting link or bond between intelligence and matter.

Art. 327.    The Character Of Universal Forces.  Principle No. 11.
    The forces of Universal Intelligence are manifested as physical laws; are unswerving and unadapted and have no solicitude for structures of matter.
    Bodies actuated by physical forces will not go one iota out of their way to dodge anything in their paths.  Things actuated by these forces may be injured or destroyed by their rigor.  There is not the slightest variation of their amounts, qualities, or direction in order to protect a single thing.  They are antipodal to adapted forces.  However, the student must not conclude from this, that Universal Intelligence is maliciously destructive.  It is but the working of the great cycle; the plan of Universal Intelligence that this be so, in order to maintain life.  Universal Intelligence, by putting localized portions of itself in matter, builds up structures in order that there may be something to tear down.  What would happen eventually, if no structure was ever torn down?  It is clear that creation would cease and there could be no further life; for structures must be destroyed in order that living things continue to live.  A little thought will show us that every bit of food we eat or have eaten is organic matter, vegetable or animal, it matters not which, both have had Innates and have been deprived of their lives in order that we might live!  Another thought; suppose all the people who have lived in all the thousands of years were living now, is it not possible that the entire surface of the earth would be covered several layers deep with their bodies?
    Let us compare your watch to one of Innate’s structures for an analogy.  This watch is made of molecules and atoms which are just as valuable to Universal Intelligence in the elemental state as they are in a structural state.  The structure, however, was of value to the factory which made it, and is to you, who possess it.  In the hands of both, it gets extreme care.  You do not trust it to the tender (?) mercies of universal laws by leaving it outdoors in all kinds of weather; by putting it in water or letting it fall.  You keep it carefully in your pocket, suspended on a chain, or in its case.  At every instant of its structural existence, you keep it in a safe place and see that it is repaired when it needs it.  To be convinced of what universal laws will do to a tissue cell, a structure valued by Innate, you should take your watch, a structure valued by you, and hold it over a hard floor or stone and let the law of gravity have it for a fraction of a second.

Art. 328.    Interference With Transmission Of Universal Force.  Principle No. 12.
    There can be interference with the transmission of universal forces.
    The phenomena of Universal Forces are common, and its interference is too common to be discussed at great length.  A tree makes shade when the sun shines; lead plates interfere with X-rays; brass stops magnetism; rubber and glass interfere with the passage of electricity, etc., etc.  Whether these forces be radiant or conducted, there is a way to interfere with them.  If they are being conducted through material, a gap in the conductor will stop their flow; and a diminishing of the size of the conductor will diminish the amount which gets through.  As swiftly as the energies travel in the radiant form and with apparent ease, they all prefer to pause, enter, and be conducted by matter.  If this were not true, we could have no electricity for use, no compasses, no radio sets, no shade for comfort, and no sunburns.  Each of these energies has a preference for certain kinds of matter.  Having these well established facts about natural phenomena, then is it not reasonable to suppose Innate’s forces might be radiant, but like other forms of energy, prefer a conductor and have a preference for the kind of conductor, which is nerve tissue?  And, if this is true, is it not reasonable to suppose, though we cannot see this mental energy, that the impingement of this living conductor will interfere with the flow?  It is true; it is no longer in the realm of theory; it has been proven time and again, when adjustments have gotten sick people well.

Art. 329.    The Function Of Matter.  Principle No. 13.
    The Function of Matter is to express force.
    Nowhere in the Universe can there be matter that does not receive the caretaking of Universal Intelligence.  The Great Intelligence keeps it up to date every moment and no bit of material is without its share of vibration for the creative thinking of Universal Power is transformed into what we know as forms of energy.  We are never aware of these forces until they are expressed by matter.  You cannot perceive a motion unless matter does it, and matter will not move, unless a form of energy gets into it.  The same may be said of other forms of energy that we know in our study of physics, such as, heat, light, and electricity.  These forms are all interchangeable, hence life is but vibration in degree.  The forms, of which we have spoken, are according to the unchangeable laws of physics, therefore unadaptable.  It applies to inorganic matter.
    Though structures of matter may have many varied functions, all of them are primarily to express force.  It is impossible to conceive matter without force or force without matter, and we know that force originates in intelligence.
    NOTE: – The term force is used in Chiropractic as energy is physics.

Art. 330.    Universal Life In All Matter.  Principle No. 14.
    Force is manifested by motion in matter; all matter has motion, therefore there is universal life in all matter.
    This is a principle derived from, and really belonging to No. 2.  Life is necessarily the union of intelligence and matter.  Intelligence is an entity.  Matter is entity.  The character of matter when intelligence is present, is what we called life.  It is made known to us by matter expressing the force which intelligence creates.  “Life is manifested by vibrations, according to degree.”  Molecules have vibrations – manifesting force.  Nothing but intelligence could issue the force.  Tissue cells have vibrations – a greater degree of life, manifesting force.  Bodies of “animate” things have more movement (from within); still more life.  It requires intelligent creative forces to cause such movements.  Therefore, an organism, with signs of life, has more intelligence united with it than the molecule. (See Fig. 6)  The vibrations of molecules and atoms are manifestations of universal life.  Our ability to perceive life is exactly proportional to our ability to recognize Universal Intelligence all about us.  Every structure of matter from a lump of clay to the tiger has intelligence in it, exactly proportional to its state of organization.  The higher the grade of structure, the higher the grade of intelligence present, to make it and keep it that way.
    “Degree” in Chiropractic terminology is taken to mean “degree of perfection”; therefore, it involves quality as well as quantity.

Art. 331.    There Can Be No Motion In Matter Without The Effort Of Force.  Principle No. 15.
    Matter can have no motion without the application of force by intelligence.
    This is a fact that is so obvious that it is easy to overlook.  No one ever saw motion, but everyone has perceived matter moving.  It was the matter which was seen; and when it possessed motion it was perceived that it changed location, or was changing location.  An act is an intangible thing and it is never perceptible to us, unless matter makes it so.  If no force were applied to matter, it would be totally inert.  Of course no one has ever seen matter, which was in that condition.  It is the writer’s opinion that if such were the case, it would cease to exist.  It is a proposition reduced to the absurd.  All matter has motion and therefore has what Chiropractic calls universal life.  The origin of force being intelligence, then any motion is indicative of intelligence, if one cares to note it.  But how about matter which has a force applied to it and does not change location?  We know such to be true.  The answer to that is, we must apply the Laws of Motion and realize there are greater forces than the applied one, which cause the matter to remain stationary.  A given portion of matter has molecular motion which we cannot see, and may apparently be at rest.

Art. 332.    Universal Force In All Kinds Of Matter.  Principle No. 16.
    Universal Intelligence gives force to both organic and inorganic matter.
    If Universal Force is universal, which it is, it is impossible for any matter to be where Universal Force is not.  Organic matter is but inorganic matter built (organized) into structures, and has its full quota of Universal Forces.  It should be kept in mind, however, that they are fully under the control of Innate Intelligence; that is to say, adapted.  If the student has followed the subject closely through the book, he will see, easily, that Innate does not lack for forces to adapt and assemble for her use, and all without a cable from Universal Intelligence for conduction. (See Fig. 6)

Art. 333.    Cause And Effect.  Principle No. 17.
    Every Effect has a Cause, and every Cause has Effects.
    It is evident that one could not exist without the other.  There could be no reason for the existence of a cause, if it did not have effects.  It is an axiom, that there could not be an effect without a cause causing it.  The study of Chiropractic is largely a study of the relations between Cause and Effect, and Effect and Cause.

Art. 334.    The Signs Of Life.  Principle No. 18.
    The Signs of Life are evidence of the intelligence of life.
    They are motions of the adaptive kind which show the presence and government of a localized intelligence.  They differ from the motions of universal forces, in that they show selection and the judgment of local intelligence in every phase.  They meet, use, or oppose every environmental circumstance, if it is within the range of their limitations.  There are five principal signs of life.  Their names in order of importance are: assimilation, excretion, adaptability, growth, and reproduction.  An organism may have these signs so latent that it is difficult to tell whether the organism is alive or not.  Yet this low organism has its share, its quota, the requisite amount of intelligence for its state of organization.

Art. 335.    Organized Matter.  Principle No. 19.
    The material of the body of a “living thing” is organic matter.
    Organized matter is structures of molecules and atoms which have been assembled for the purpose of functioning adaptively.  They are structures that have been built by their innates to house them (the innates).  They are, therefore, under the solicitous care of those intelligences, the same as any house would be under the care of its owner.  The house of an innate intelligence is built and “kept in repair” by its owner.  The structure is precious to the intelligence that built it, but it is not precious as a structure to Universal Intelligence, except insofar as it is a part of the Universal scheme to have structures built in order to tear them down.

Art. 336.    Innate Intelligence.  Principle No. 20.
    A “living thing” has an inborn intelligence within its body, called Innate Intelligence.
    It is the local intelligence which has built a house for itself and keeps that house in repair, and is the intelligence to which the condition of the structure is of supreme importance.
    No one will deny that it requires intelligence to build a body.  It cannot be denied that it takes intelligence to build even a tissue cell.  No scientist, however clever, has been able to do it and never will, for it is a task for The Infinite.  It must be remembered that infinity is in a tissue cell just as much as in stellar space.  It cannot be done by man, no matter how efficient his laboratories are.  Moreover, man cannot even repair one of these tissue cells if it is damaged.  The cells and the bodies are built according to a plan.  It takes an infinitely wise Architect to make those plans.  Though scientists have studied anatomy and histology for centuries, their knowledge of the body leaves as much unexplored as Darkest Africa before it was explored.  Sugar is organic matter having the formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁.  It is made by the innate intelligence of plants.  Let chemists take the same elements in the same proportions, combine them chemically, and they will have a compound of C, H, and O, but it will not be real sugar.  Why?  Because the infinite wisdom of an innate intelligence was necessary.
    Let us, in this step of our study, look upon Innate Intelligence less romantically and more scientifically.  Not as a little god coldly aloof somewhere in our bodies; whom we personify with a capitalized name and whom the more conceited of us think we must chastise occasionally; but as a mathematical law of nature.

Art. 337.    The Mission Of Innate Intelligence.  Principle No. 21.
    The Mission of Innate Intelligence is to maintain the material of the body of a living thing in active organization.
    It is the ambition of Innate Intelligence to build the body and then keep it actively organic.  The Universe would not be complete without everything; hence a universe could not be complete with only unadapted forces and universal laws of the destructive kind.  In order to complete the cycle, there must be construction.  In order to complete the cycle, a local and specific application of intelligence is necessary.

Art. 338.    Evolution Values.
    A series of similar adaptations repeated a number of times results in a change of shape and texture of a tissue.
    If there is a failure of such adaptations there will be no adaptive improvements in the tissue.  The failure is due to interference with transmission.
    If no need arises calling for adaptive improvement, such changes will not be made and the specie settles into a type.
    If there is not a constant use of the adaptive improvements of tissue, it will be removed or reduced to the rudimentary, by Innate.
    If the change in tissue, due to successful adaptation, becomes permanent through use, it will be transmitted to posterity.
    If the descendants continue to use improvements which were inherited, they become permanently established as property of the race.
    The unsuccessful adaptations are not transmitted to posterity for in that case there are no values to transmit.
    Dis-ease is a failure to adapt, therefore is not inherited. (Art. 207.)
    Whenever there is adaptation made in a tissue cell by Innate, there is perfect physical personification of Innate – her plans perfected.  The organism successfully has passed the Xth. milestone in the history of the universe.  Innate knows that all the tissue cells of that structure are adequate for the present; but Innate knows that there are other “milestones” to pass and that the circumstances of the future occasions may be different.  If the tissue cells have not passed the present milestone successfully and made adaptation, they certainly will not be any better prepared for the next one.  The value that the organism accumulates by experience, in this manner, is Accumulative Constructive Survival Value.  The organism now is ready to do easily what it did the first time and to withstand a greater adversity the next time.  The “essence” of these values is inherited by succeeding generations of that organism.  Note, we do not say, if a workman has calloused hands, that his son is bound to have calloused hands.  No, the change is slower than that.  If several generations of workmen have calloused hands, the offspring of that line will have tougher skin on the hands.  However, even in the life of one animal or plant, we easily can perceive the structural strengthening (within limits of course).  The action for the moment of stress, that we spoke of, was adaptation and so was the structural strengthening that followed. (See foregoing definition.)  From this arises the statement mentioned before.  Adversity is the mold that the Creator uses to shape the forms and destinies of living things.  “Great pilots were made on deep seas and rough waters.”  The living things that we perceive about us today have the forms and structures they possess, because every cell in them is the result of intellectual adaptation sometime in the past.  From this we can see from whence came the expression “the survival of the fittest.”

“The tree that never had to fight
For sun and sky and air and light,
That stood out on the open plain,
And always got its share of rain,
Never became a forest king
But lived and died a scrubby thing.
The man who never had to toil,
Who never had to win his share
Of sun and sky and light and air,
Never became a manly man,
But lived and died as he began.
Good timber does not grow in ease.”
(Better Homes and Gardens, April 1927.)

    The successful adaptations were inherited, that is, the survival value of it was.  Obviously, the unsuccessful adaptations cannot be passed on to posterity, for in that case there is no survival value.  There is nothing to inherit.  Also, if there is no occasion for; no call for intellectual adaptation; no adversity to be met, there will be no adaptation, hence no survival value.  Therefore, if a race of beings is called upon to face the ever-changing conditions of the universe with its evolution, that race will fall into a type that has gotten behind the advance of the world, and will find it harder to adapt when the necessity for it comes.  That is what happened to the dinosaurus.
    Therefore, step by step, physical personification advances with the changing institutions of the universe.  On that basis, the next tissue cells expanded are better equipped.  This also is the explanation of acclimatization.  Not only does it pertain to the expansion of better cells in the present body, but that perfection of plans is given to succeeding bodies of the race.
    Should there be a failure of adaptation for any reason – because there was no call for it or because subluxations prevented it, there will be no survival value for inheritance.  Since we use a unit system in our work, as explained in the Normal Complete Cycle in Freshman work, likewise we might say that survival value is the unit of evolutionary value; positive values transmitted to posterity as a foundation to build better.

Art. 339.    The Quality Of Innate Intelligence.  Principle No. 22.
    There is one hundred per cent of Innate Intelligence in every living thing.
    The “Quantity” of Innate Intelligence in one thing may not be as much as the “Quantity” in another living thing, but it is the requisite amount, hence one hundred per cent for that thing. (See Principle No. 7.)

Art. 340.    The Function Of Innate Intelligence.  Principle No. 23.
    The Function of Innate Intelligence is to create adaptive forces to be used in and for the body.
    Everything in the universe has a purpose and that purpose is its function.  Obviously, Innate Intelligence, being in the universe, has a purpose.  Objects of inorganic matter do not need adaptation, so they have no special attention from Universal Intelligence.  This special attention is given to certain units of matter, by Universal Intelligence, and the name of this special attention is Innate Intelligence.
    Innate Intelligence, the law of organization, continually coordinates the forces and materials within the organism to keep it actively organized.  That is to say, creating.  “Act of making, producing, fashioning, or bringing into existence.”  “Act of constituting or investing with a new character, title or the like.” (Webster.)  Innate takes elements of no adaptive character, puts them together, “investing with new character,” and now a new structure is brought into being, and is so maintained.
    Nothing less than intelligence could do this.  It is all accomplished, not by creating new forces and matter “out of nothing,” but “investing” what is already existing with new character.  Thus the natural energies within the body are assembled and made to do the work of organization.  In this light, then Innate Intelligence is the intelligence within the organism, which systematizes the forces already there; it is, scientifically speaking, the principle of organization.  Its creations are forces systematized adaptively, and materials built into intelligently planned forms.

Art. 341.    The Limits Of Adaptation.  Principle No. 24.
    Innate Intelligence adapts forces and matter for the body as long as it can do so without breaking a universal law.
    It is evident that extreme adaptation cannot be made for the body.  Adaptation of matter can only be to the point where molecules and atoms must obey physical and chemical laws.  Innate can manage these laws up to a certain point by manipulation, but cannot change or destroy them.  She can only use them to the limits of matter.  Therefore, Principle No. 5 applies to this one.  Man can adapt universal forces for his use and convenience, so it should not be so difficult for Innate to do it.  Should Innate fail in these adaptations for any cause, these forces will injure or destroy her tissues.

Art. 342.    The Character Of Innate Forces.  Principle No. 25.
    The forces of Innate never injure or destroy the tissues in which they work.
    The forces of Innate are constructive – not destructive.  While there is wear on the part that functions at the bidding of Innate, these parts are just as rapidly repaired.  On the contrary, the forces of universal, while they may cause an organ to act in a manner which resembles its function, and which causes wear, do absolutely nothing to repair it.  The action of universal forces upon organisms may be so violent as to destroy them directly.  The forces of universal, as for instance electricity, will cause the muscles of a dead frog’s leg to act like function, but it does nothing for repair.  When the wearing has wasted the muscle tissue, it will not be in condition to be called a good organic structure, and will soon cease to act.
    That something which travels over the nerves, which is arranged in cyclic form, is really an intelligent current of life.  People used to think it was a physical force, or a chemical force that acted according to the laws of physics and chemistry, and caused natural phenomena in the tissues of the body in a mechanical way, as gravity does in falling bodies.  They thought it might be electricity that flowed out over the nerves as it does over wires from the power house, and that it might act upon tissue cells in a chemical way, as it does in a bath for silver plating.  Now we find that none of these are true for the following reasons: If a body were governed by a law as invariable as the law of falling bodies, and as inadaptable, it would be an automaton.  If electricity, which is only a form of energy, were a power that governed the actions of organs, it would be as apt to destroy the nerves and tissues as it does the wires from the power house, and the lamps and motors unless it too, is governed by an intelligence.  For electricity does not exhibit any solicitous concern for the material through which it works; neither does chemical action do so.  Besides, if these facts were true, it would be possible for man to create man in a laboratory, as he creates physical and chemical phenomena.  Man cannot build even one tissue cell or repair the same if it is damaged.  He may be able to keep a tissue cell alive for a time in artificial surroundings, but the tissue cell merely exists; does not function or do the thing for which it was created, any more than a bear in hibernation shows activity.  No, this life shows that it is an adaptable law, able to make instantaneous changes according to environmental conditions of a tissue cell.  None but the Creator can change a law, make laws, or circumvent physical laws, so the life current must be a force directly from Law itself.  It is not hard to see this, for the manifestations of the intelligence of life are everywhere about us; in man, animals, insects, plants, and lower organisms.  It builds all these, provides all their needs, circumvents adversity, repairs them when damaged, and maintains them until death.  Then, this power leaves them and they rapidly return to their elemental state – molecules and atoms.
    What is in the living, which a moment after, is not in the dead?  What has gone that has kept these molecules and atoms together in a unit of life, which is able to show manifestations of intelligence, sensibility, and signs of life?  Mental force, that which flows over nerves to their peripheral ending.  This force or message is specific for the momentary needs of a tissue cell.  It must therefore be a more highly organized force than that given to molecules and atoms.
    A lump of clay may be said to have some organization, for it is a lump, but Universal did not endow it with a special warden to see that it stays a lump.  It has no power to remove it from danger of disintegration, but must take whatever fate brings it, without any attempt to circumvent it.

Art. 343.    Comparison Of Universal And Innate Forces.  Principle No. 26.
    In order to carry on the universal cycle of life, Universal Forces are destructive, and Innate Forces are constructive, as regards structural matter.
    From our study of physics, we know that the universe is full of energy.  We see it manifested in every bit of matter.  There seems to be no limit to the amount of energy that may be in the space occupied by matter, but there seems to be a limit as to how much of it a given bit of matter can express.  Yet that limit may be of astonishing proportions.  Just what may be the electrical potential in say, a pint of water or a marble?  Like matter, energy cannot be destroyed, but we see its manifestations reappearing in many different forms.
    We observe that energy seems to travel; or at least it can express itself in matter at a distance from its source.  We say that it travels by radiation and conduction.  When it radiates, it travels swiftly – approximately at the rate of one hundred and eighty-six thousand miles a second.  As well as it travels by radiation, however, it seems to like to pause and “play around” in matter.  If this were not true, we could not have radio receiving sets for the radio would scorn our aerials.  So, though it must travel much slower in matter, it seems that it really prefers that mode.
    With many forms of radiant energy, there can be interference with its transference.  We will not say all forms, for we do not know, but we do know that an umbrella interferes with the sun’s rays considerably.  Lead hinders X-rays; brass hinders magnetic rays, etc.
    In matter, energy travels at a widely variable rate of speed depending upon the form of energy and upon the kind of material and the shape of the material.  Through some materials, a given form of energy will scarcely travel at all.  Thus we find that electricity prefers some metals, such as gold, silver, copper, iron, and the like, but does not pass readily through glass or rubber.  Heat will pass through silver, copper, and gold readily, but not glass, asbestos, etc.  Magnetism passes through soft iron easily, but not brass or copper or gold and the like.  Also, we find that since these forms are radiant, they will easily be caught by the kind of matter they prefer.
    There can be interference with the conduction of these energies, as when the conductor has a gap or when its thickness is diminished.  When interference with conduction is thus offered to a conducted form of energy, it will be transformed, partly or wholly, back into the radiant form or into some other form.  As in a conductor of electricity, we find that electricity, when it suffers interference, transforms into heat and radiates.
    Mental energy in the body seems to obey the same laws.  As to its radiation, that is another story and is too lengthy and entirely too theoretical to be within the scope of this article.  In the conducted form of mental energy, we have more data and plenty of its manifestations.  We find that it, too, prefers a conductor and uses nerve tissue for its conveyance.  About what mental energy is, we are just as much in the dark as electricians are about electricity, but as electricians can do practical work, nevertheless, so chiropractors are not hindered by that lack of knowledge.  Theories are a help and are progressive if they are based upon soundly established facts; and as the electrician bases his practical work upon a theory, so can the chiropractor.
    Like other conducted forces, mental energy can suffer interference by interposing a gap, by impinging the conductor, or by deranging its substance.
    Let us study another phase of the universal energies.  Universal Intelligence, with its universal energies, fills all the space in the universe, and every spot in the universe.  Any place without it would be outside of the universe, which is impossible and absurd.  The body, then, is no exception.  Universal energies permeate every cell.  But there is this difference; in the body, normally, Innate keeps these forces all balanced, controlled, adapted to her uses at all times – every moment.  In fact, that is how “she” does her work – by using the universal energies she finds at hand.  There are always plenty of them.  Interference with her balancing forces, which she has assembled (from universal supply of course) prevents balancing and controlling the forces resident at the tissue cell.  Interference with transmission causes the universal forces, in that given spot, to be instantly unbalanced and therefore not behaving as Innate wants them to.  Of course, these universal forces must be expressed by matter, as any kind of force must be.  That is a Chiropractic fundamental; but what material have these universal forces at hand to express them?  Anyone can see that it is the tissue cell, for that is the spot we are talking about.  Then, this cell is expressing some physical or chemical forces, without the management of Innate Intelligence.
    All the energies of the body must be controlled by Innate by balancing, restraining, and augmenting them by the transmission of other forces from the universal source.  This is Innate’s job; her mission in the body; her function.  She can break no universal laws; create nothing new; but can “juggle” the existing forces to build existing matter into structures to house her, and then continually “juggle” more forces to maintain that house.  Let her vigilance be interfered with one moment, and the universal forces play pranks; that is, they are pranks according to Innate’s estimation.
    For organic matter, there are adaptable forms of force.  These forces show that intelligence has originated them or managed them, and they are for the building and maintenance of living organisms.  Should these forces be withdrawn, the living organisms revert to the elemental state wherein their molecules act according to the unswerving laws of physics and chemistry.  A living organism has signs of life, which is evidence that it is under the care of intelligence; evidence of special care.
    Having these forms of adaptability, sensibility, and the forces which govern the organism, it can respond to any new set of circumstance – not unswerving action but changing action, according to the demands of the moment.  In a collection of living cells, as a living unit (for instance, an animal) these forces come from a central point.  This points out that intelligence in a well-organized unit has a headquarters.
    If we use the hypothesis that mental impulses are energies, then it must be a very carefully composed unit of energies, prepared (created) by Innate in order to impel the cell to proper action, which must be coordinative.  Mere action is not sufficient, that would be “stimulation”; it must be right action in quantity, quality, direction, and time.  We might conceive of this mental impulse as being composed of certain kinds of physical energies, in proper proportions, which will balance other such forces in the Tissue Cell; as electricity valency, magnetism, cohesion, etc., etc.  Perhaps some of these energies are not known to us in physics.  What right have we to assume that we have found them all?  The writer presents this as a hypothesis or theory in order to get a working basis.  In other places in this book, other theories for the same thing have been offered, for the same purpose.

Art. 344.    The Normality Of Innate Intelligence.  Principle No. 27.
    Innate Intelligence is always normal and its function is always normal.
    This is a principle from the Triune of Life (Prin. 4) for more specific application.  Intelligence is always perfect – always one hundred per cent.  The forces which it assembles are always correct.  They are not correct when they reach Tissue Cell if there is interference with transmission, but that is not because of imperfection in Innate’s work, but because of the limitations of matter (Prin. 24).  It is because the conducting tissue is imperfect or the receiving tissue (Tissue Cell) is imperfect.  Both the conducting tissue and the receiving tissues are matter which is the third factor of the Triune of Life, and the only member of it which can be imperfect.  The imperfection, of course, is in structure.  The molecules of a wrecked locomotive are just as good as those in a locomotive in running order, but the wrecked locomotive is imperfect in structure and therefore is not a good organ to express man’s wishes.
    Here again we see embodied in a principle, Local and Condition; Local, referring to the conducting material, and Condition referring to the functioning – or receiving material.

Art. 345.    The Conductor Of Mental Force.  Principle No. 28.
    The forces of Innate Intelligence operate through or over the nervous system.
    Nearly all of us have read or studied some physiology.  We learned the bones, muscles, and organs and the chief functions of the various parts of the body.  We have always known that there is a spinal cord in the human body.  We learned, in a general way, “that the brain controlled our movements” and the actions of our organs, and that sensation depended upon the system of nerves.  The fact that this system might go wrong did not occur to us, or if it did, we were apt to think it not important.
    Since most laymen have gone this far in physiology, when the chiropractor explains how incoordination can and does occur through this wonderful system of nerve tissue, it looks reasonable to them.  But at first the layman is apt to get the idea that the chiropractor stimulates these nerves, thinking of the effects only.  Therefore, it is necessary to explain that stimulation is not the same as the natural current which is being delivered to all parts of the body.  If every living thing depended upon stimulation from the outside in order to have its organs function every one of them would have to have a doctor attending to them day and night, continually sending in stimuli, which shows the absurdity of such a belief.  The chiropractor aims only to restore – to bring about restoration.  He adds no more current but removes the obstacles to the normal flow of that which should be supplied to the tissues from the inside.  He is able to show how pressure upon nerves can hinder the normal flow and the manner in which he removes the pressure, so that Innate, who is able to attend this body of tissue day and night may deliver that which is necessary to the organs.  The doctor could not give this continuous service, but Innate can.  The service of Innate is not stimulation, for stimulation is addition – not restoration.  Stimuli are unadapted universal forces, not messages of control.  Stimuli only add more uncontrolled universal forces to tissues which are already in the grip of such forces.
    The brain is the headquarters of Innate’s control – the seat of the mind.  It is very delicate tissue and is kept in a bony cavity, well padded and protected.  The manner of its function is, and has always been, a mystery.  But for that matter, the manner of functioning of any tissue is still a mystery – that is Innate’s business.  Since the brain is tissue and composed of tissue cells much like any tissue cell, except in form and purpose, it is probable that they function as other tissue cells, merely responding with their signs of life – adaptability – to the forces which Innate delivers to them to use or to transmit.
    The brain is in two parts and each part has two lobes.  It is composed of soft gray matter on the outside portions, called the cortice; and of white matter in the inner or medullary portion.  The gray matter is masses of nerve cell bodies which are much the same as other cells, in that they have bodies, nucleii, protoplasm, etc., but they differ from other cells in that they have exceptionally long white branches.  Masses of these white branches are the white portions of the brain.  The cell is called a neuron, the long single branches are called axons.  The branches of the axons at their distal ends are called terminal arborizations.  The short branches on the bodies are called dendrites. (See Fig. 8.)
    The brain might be likened to an electric power station.  In it is generated a current of some kind.  From the brain, leads the Spinal Cord.  It is composed of bundles of Axons which form the white matter surrounding the gray matter of the cord.  The gray matter of the spinal cord is made up of nerve cell bodies that are similar to those of the brain.  The bundles of nerve axons, and the column of gray matter in the center, may be likened to an electric cable which leads from the power station. (See Fig. 34.)
    There are thirty-one pair of spinal nerves which branch from the spinal cord.  This branching from the spinal cord is inside the canal which transmits it, and the branches emit through openings in the protecting wall of bone; that is to say, through openings between the segments of the spine.  They again divide and subdivide and pass to every part of the body – called the periphery.
    After leaving the spinal cord, the nerves divide and ramify to certain parts of the body.  That is, the bundles of axons separate and the fibers go to different parts, just as electric wires branch from the cables into buildings and dwellings.  These, in turn, branch and pass to the cells in organs and tissues, as electric wires run to lights, motors, heaters, and many other things in buildings. (Of course this analogy cannot be exact – analogies only show similarity.)
    Every tissue cell in the periphery has its nerve supply.  That means that every tissue cell has nerves which carry to it mental impulses.  This we might liken to the current from the power house.  If all the flesh of the body could be removed and leave only the nervous tissue – nerves and all their branches – the body would be completely and visibly represented by the thousands and thousands of nerves which reach every tissue cell.
    Thus it is seen that there are nerves distributed from the brain to the tissue cells, and collected from the tissue cells to the brain.  Nerves from the brain are called Efferent nerves, and the nerves to the brain are called the Afferent nerves.  The bundles of afferent fibers enter into the spinal cord at the back or posterior, and the efferent fibers leave the spinal cord at the front or anterior.  These terms and facts are not new, but have been used for some time by physiologists and psychologists. (See Fig. 34.)
    We will now call your attention again to the fact that this is a cyclic arrangement.  We want you to compare these nerves to the like arrangement of arteries and veins.  Arteries are efferent in relation to the heart, and veins afferent in relation to the heart.  It is not hard to perceive, for blood is visible, and it is evident that there is no haphazard arrangement.  It is a cyclic arrangement and the blood flows in a cycle.
    Since the nerves are in cyclic arrangement, this also is not a haphazard arrangement, and they were intended to carry something.  Though invisible, that “something” is more vital than blood.

Art. 346.    Nervous Tissue.
    After having had this general survey, let us study these tissues and their purposes a little more in detail.  Nervous tissue comprises all of the nervous system; the brain, the spinal cord, spinal nerves and their branches, ganglia, and plexuses.  It is the material connection between Innate Intelligence and the tissue cells in the various parts of the body.  It also, in the brain, serves as the material through which Innate introduces her forces into material.  So thorough is the nerve distribution (“nerve supply”) of nerve fibers that there is not a single portion of the body (except cuticle and keratinous appendages) into which a needle can be thrust without striking some of them.  For a detailed study of nerve tissue and structures of it, the student is referred to any standard anatomical work on the subject.
    In Chiropractic, nerve tissue structures are divided as follows:
    The Central Nervous System, consisting of the brain tissue in the cranium.  The Peripheral Nervous System, consisting of the Spinal Cord, Cranial Nerves, Superficial System, and Visceral System.  The Superficial System consists of the Spinal Nerves and their branches.  The Visceral System consists of the gangliated system (the so-called sympathetic system), the internal plexuses, and communications with the Spinal Nerves and with the Cranial Nerves.  In anatomy, the Spinal Cord is included with the Central Nervous System, because of its meninges being continuous with that of the brain.  If that classification holds throughout, the eye is also a part of the Central Nervous System, since the posterior five-sixths of the eyeball is enclosed by meninges continuous with that of the brain.  But, Chiropractic makes a different classification, regarding all nervous tissue, which is conveying mental impulses to and from the tissue cells, as Peripheral Nerves, since they supply tissues.  Even the nerves in the Cranium, which supply tissues, come under this classification. (See Interbrain Cycle, Art. 112.) (See Fig. 8.)

Art. 362.    Transmission.
    Transmission is the conduction or conveyance of mental force through or over nerve axons.
    A properly prepared (created) mental impulse, assembled from the universal supply, is conducted normally by nerve cells.  If the mental impulse is one hundred per cent (normal) it does not do the nerve any harm at any time. (Prin. 25.)  It is conducted “quietly” with normal action of the nerve cells.  There is no loss of energy (if it is energy) in transit and the mental impulse arrives in exactly the same proportions that Innate started it.  It does not matter that we do not know the manner of the conduction of the mental force; neither do electricians know how electricity is conducted by a wire.  Some say that there is a potential represented through the wire.  Some say that it is by polarization of the molecules of the wire.  Some say there is a place where electricity is present in quantity and a place where there is none or very little, and the dynamic manifestation is the movement from high amounts to the place where there is a low amount.  Others claim that there are two currents of electricity, negative and positive, running contrariwise through the wire.  Yet this positive lack of knowledge does not prevent electricians from making many practical applications of electricity.
    It is no discredit to Chiropractic that it also must use theories concerning the transmission of mental forces.  The writer has heard many theories about this subject.  Some are good, some indifferent, and some very bad indeed.  In this book, a few of the theories are offered but the ones selected are only such as are well supported by the Fundamental Principles, and thoroughly consistent with Chiropractic tenets.
    To begin with, let us assume (theory) that a mental impulse is really a form of energy.  If this is true, then the mental impulse must be composed of various kinds of energies selected by Innate to balance or annul or augment the energies already present there. (Prin 1, 16.)  Then the mental impulse must have correct percentages of each energy for a given tissue cell for a given moment, and this composition must be delivered to the tissue cell with absolutely no loss, else it will not balance, as Innate expects it to do, according to her Intellectual Adaptation.
    Let us get back to Efferent Nerve.  It is a tissue cell – living flesh.  Its function is to convey mental energy.  It does so with no loss of values from the mental current.  The mental impulse “slides” through the nerve axon ideally, with no loss.  But the tissue cell must be in good working order to do that.  It cannot be a sick cell and perform its duty perfectly.  The molecules of the normal nerve vibrate in accordance with proper function.  A perfectly assembled material, the nerve has perfect polarity and wastes no energy.  Therefore, the mental impulse arrives at the tissue cell compounded of the same energies in the same proportions with which it started out.  A perfectly assembled force of this kind balances or governs the forces in the tissue cell.
    Here is another theory.  Let us assume that in Efferent Nerve there is a current of energy which is the vehicle of the mental impulse, assuming that it is a message instead of a physical energy.  This current energy is conducted by the nerve.  According to that, then, the nerve can be compared to a telephone wire which is kept energized by electricity, to make it sensible to variations caused by the vibrations of the voice.  With no steady current the wire would be “dead”; with an unsteady current there would be “static” noises.  Therefore, the wire is kept “alive” by a steady electric current which, because it does not vary, allows the diaphragm in your receivers to remain quiet until someone speaks into the transmitter.  Then the vibrations of the voice, by means of the magnet in the transmitter, produce variations in the electric current so that it is no longer constant, and its variations cause the diaphragm in your receiver to vibrate.  In this manner the voice of the speaker is reproduced in your telephone.  The vibrations of the speaker’s voice never leave the telephone booth, but they are reproduced in your telephone, perhaps a thousand miles away.
    In a like manner, we may say, according to this theory, that there is a steady flow of energy in the nervous system which conveys the message much as the telephone does.  The mental impulse is entirely a mental thing; a thought in motion; a thought being conveyed by an energy, as in the telephone the thought is conveyed by energies.  The energies may suffer interference and the message becomes damaged if that is the case, and is unintelligible to the tissue cell, wholly or in part.
    The writer offers another theory which he likes best of all, because it fits the Fundamental Principles in every particular.  The mental impulse is not an energy at all.  It is a message.  A message is not a material, an energy, or a thing physical in any sense.  It is a thing mental.  It can be made by a mentality only, and be received by a thing mental, only.  Mentality makes it and sends it to an object of matter.  The matter is incapable of doing anything with it; incapable of receiving it.  If matter alone could receive a mental impulse and act upon it, you could fill your body with buttons, silver spoons, safety pins, knives, corks, or any other inanimate objects you care to name, send them mental impulses and causes them to function.  Of course that is absurd.  Mentality must hail mentality.  The tissue cell is not an inanimate object but a living organism with adaptability.  Intelligence is there to greet the message (Reception).  It is clear that Innate must have living cells to carry on correspondence with.  The nerve cell is the messenger.  Innate Intelligence gives it an “urge” which is for Tissue Cell.  The Nerve Cell is a living thing with adaptability.  It behaves in a certain manner through its whole length and breadth proportional in every way to this mental urge which Innate has intrusted to it.  At its terminals the “urge” appears in an unmistakable manner, and Tissue Cell receives it.  Having adaptability, Tissue Cell responds just as readily as Nerve Cell did, and in a manner exactly proportional to the intent of the “urge.”  In a nation of people, the Law of Demand and Supply is not operated by huge currents of dynamic forces of millions of watts, but by an intangible thing much more powerful.  Neither is it by command of government; it is much more powerful than government.  A little thinking will show that the urge which sets in motion the great movements of commerce and industry is not analogy but actually mental impulses.  In this manner, Innate represents the Law of Demand and Supply in the body, and the whole procedure of Coordination in the body is entirely mental, else the body would be as any other lump of clay.

Art. 363.    Interference With The Transmission Of Innate Forces.  Principle No. 29.
    There can be Interference with the Transmission of Innate Forces.
    We have seen that universal forces can suffer interference with transmission (Prin. 12) whether they are radiant or conducted.  Innate forces are no exception to the rule and so there can be interference with their transmission through or over the nervous system.
    The most delicate tissue in the body, nerve tissue, is so sensitive to injury or annoyance that it cannot “put up” with any rough treatment.  It cannot stand pinching or crowding or rough “shouldering.”  Impingement annoys it very much, so that its molecular or its protoplasmic activity is not correct in that case and it does not pass the mental impulse along the length of its axon smoothly – does not let it “slide through” without loss.  No, along its angry or unsound length the mental impulse loses percentage; perhaps greatest at the point of impingement, for farther along there is less to lose, and when the mental impulse arrives at the tissue cell, it is no longer a true mental impulse but perhaps just another “pranking” universal force.  This view will apply not matter which of the three theories is used.
    There are as many theories about interference with transmission as there are about Transmission itself.  Let us pursue the subject, using the three theories which were offered in explanation of Transmission.
    If a nerve is made abnormal in any part (as by impingement) there cannot be normal function of that nerve cell, which is a living organism.  The mental impulse is robbed of some of its values and henceforth is (partially or wholly) not a perfectly assembled unit of energies as Innate sent it, but a somewhat dis-sembled unit.  It no longer passes through the nerve “quietly,” but “jangles” all the way.  It is not entirely harmless to the nerve, and the nerve cell is not “vibrating” normally as it should, as any cell should, when normally functioning.  When the pseudo mental impulse arrives at the tissue cell, it is not the perfectly assembled unit that Innate started out on the journey to the cell.  It has a proportion of quality which is nothing less than mere unadapted universal forces, unable to balance properly the universal forces, already in the Tissue Cell (Prin. 1, 14).
    Let us now examine an electrical analogy supporting this theory.  Even with electricity, the energy is not all transferred at the beginning of the resistance.  The energy which is lost by difficult transmission takes another form, becoming radiant heat.  In an electric wire giving resistance, heat is lost along its entire length.  The electric lamp has approximately twelve inches of filament in it, to give resistance so as to produce light.  If all the heat and light this arrangement could give were at the point of union of the incoming wire with the filament – just a mere point – we would not have very much light.  The entire twelve inches wastes electricity – deprives the current by its imperfect conduction – so that it changes form, becoming radiant, thus we get light and heat.

    In the nerve the same thing takes place practically.  Mental energy is wasted along the entire abnormal part of the nerve.  Heat comes from the entire deranged length.  If the interference is high in the cervical region, the angry nerve axon wastes mental energy all along through the spinal cord and on out to the periphery.  Where it comes out at the foramen we are able to feel its heat; sometimes with the hand by comparative palpating; always with the Neurocalometer.  Farther along, the nerve usually enters the flesh deeper and its heat diminishes, as has been mentioned before.  Sometimes this nerve axon is impinged high in the cervical region, goes out into the Visceral System (the so-called sympathetic system) and runs its course in the gangliated cord and plexuses.  Other times the nerve axon is undisturbed through the spinal cord and is impinged where it leaves the foramen.  This is what is called a local subluxation or local impingement.
    The question has been raised, if the nerve axon were heated along its course in the spinal cord or gangliated cord, would it affect the other nerve axons lying next to it?  The answer to this is negative.  The total degree of heat is only a fraction of a degree or at most not greater than one degree and that amount would not injure the neighboring axons.  If it were possible that a small fraction of a degree of heat could injure the other nerve axons, then the heat of an ordinary case of febrile disease, which goes to a hundred and three degrees or more, would surely damage the nerves and spinal cord; not only in the spinal cord but anywhere in the body.
    Another question: If a nerve axon is hot along the length of the spinal cord, why cannot one perceive the heat along this length of the spine?  The answer to this is – because the bone intervenes and holds the heat, and this is explained by the fact that bone is always hotter than the softer wet tissue, for it holds the heat from any source.
    Another question: Why is it that one can perceive heat better at the point of emission from the foramen?  For these reasons: One, is that this point is the first accessible place along its hot length, and the heat rapidly diminishes farther along.  Most of the nerves go deeper from this point. At the foramen there is only the soft tissue (back muscles) to hinder the radiation of the heat.
    Another question: If mental impulses are an adapted form of energy, why would it do the nerve the “scurvy trick” of heating it?  Because when it is robbed of some of its perfect assembling, it no longer is a perfectly considerate Innate force; besides it is not a question of what it does to the nerve, but what the nerve does to it.  It must be remembered that this impulse in question was not made for the nerve in question, but for the remote Tissue Cell.
    Another question: If Innate instantly knows that there is interference, why does “she” continue to send mental impulses that she knows the abnormal nerve cannot handle properly?  Because that is the only thing she can do at the time, until she has made other arrangements which require time; and she dares not abandon the tissue cell entirely, meanwhile.  As soon as may be, other tissue cells will compensate, giving adaptative symptoms, and the “case” becomes chronic, but Innate never has a chance to abandon the cell, so there always is some heat wasted.  However, the nerve may become so depleted and so cool that the case may be very severe and the nerve give off very little heat.  In such cases adjustments often violently increase the heat; or change it from a “cold box” to a very “hot box.”  That is because the depleted nerve of long standing has been called upon to wake up and carry on, and, as before, the element of time comes in.  The nerve cell has to be repleted and built up to normal before it can carry a mental impulse without wastage.
    Next, let us consider interference with transmission of the message, that is interference with the vehicle of the message.  If the conductor of the current which is conveying the message goes wrong, the message becomes garbled, so that Tissue Cell does not understand it fully.  Moreover, impingement introduces unadapted universal forces into the nerve current, and thus the message is full of “static” and unintelligible.  Besides that, the nerve current could be wasted by the impinged nerve and become radiant heat as described in the other theory.
    Perhaps these theories have some merit, but let’s examine another one.
    A nerve cell which is impinged is not a cell “at ease.”  Therefore, it will not “vibrate” normally in function.  Its function is to convey the message.  If it does not function properly it does not carry the “urge” properly, therefore the tissue receives a message which does not “read true.”  The tissue cell, having adaptability, always responds to the “urges” which come to it, whatever they are; if the signs of life are right in theory, it must.  Not having the proper urge, it will perform improperly, exactly in ratio to the incorrectness of the message.  This is called Equivalent Vibration.  Of course this is not what Innate wants for coordinative purposes.  We know from our study of physiology that when cells are active, they use carbon and oxygen producing carbon dioxide and waste matter, and a great deal of by-product heat.  A sick cell which is laboring gives off more waste matter, uses more nutriment, and produces more by-product heat.  It is well known that an impinged nerve axon gives off heat to the extent that it is often palpable with the back of the hand.  Release of impingement reduces this heat, often in a very few minutes.  The heat, which can be detected in the region of the spine, due to impingement is called “hot box.”  In chronic subluxations, where for a long time compensatory adaptation has been made, the amount of heat is almost negligible, and often variable, according to the variable demands of periphery made manifest.  When an adjustment is given on such subluxations, the “Rip Van Winkle” nerve is awakened out of its depleted state, and set into activity once more with a consequent sharp rise in temperature.  “Rip Van Winkle” nerve cells do not produce as much by-product heat as the surrounding tissue cells of other kinds, which are “carrying on as usual.”  This condition before adjustment is known as a “chronic cold box.”  Other factors enter into what is known as a cold box.  When a hot box has warmed up adjacent bone, which retains heat longer than soft (wet) tissue, and an adjustment is given, the heat from the impinged nerve is immediately reduced.  The adjacent bone which retains heat for some time is now much warmer than the soft tissue over the formerly impinged nerve.  This makes the latter seem “cold” by comparison.  Given a few minutes for temperatures to equalize, it will be found (in these cases) that the cold box has disappeared.  Sometimes an adjustment produces, apparently, a hot box from a chronic cold box.  A “Rip Van Winkle Nerve” suddenly set to work, begins to give more by-product heat and the increase is much faster than the adjacent bone accumulates it, making the area over the formerly impinged nerve warmer by comparison.  If some time is given for the bone to warm up also, the apparent hot box disappears.  In actual practice many strange phenomena of comparative temperatures appear, but he writer believes that all of them can be solved by the application of a little thinking and the use of these principles.  A problem in trigonometry does not solve itself – it requires thinking and the use of principles.

Art. 364.    The Cause Of Dis-ease.  Principle No. 30.
    Interference with the transmission of Innate forces causes incoordination or dis-ease.
    Interference with transmission prevents Innate from adaptating things universal for use in the body and from coordinating the actions of the tissue cells for the mutual benefit of all cells.  Accordingly, the universal forces wear or injure the tissue cells, or cause them to act inharmoniously and thus injure other cells as well.  When a cell is injured, worn down, or “out of condition,” it is not “at ease.”  Mental force must reach organized matter to make it vibrate properly, that is, live.  Matter may be vibrating, but if it is not vibrating adaptatively, it is not “living.”  Mental forces kept from matter cause it to revert to its elemental state.  There is something in a living man that a moment after death is not in the dead.  The absence of mental force in the body is called death.  The partial absence of mental force in the body is paralysis.

Art. 365.    Disease, Dis-ease, And Trauma.
    Disease is a term used by physicians for sickness.  To them it is an entity and is worthy of a name, hence diagnosis. (55 M. & M.)
    Dis-ease is a Chiropractic term meaning not having ease; or lack of ease.  It is lack of entity.  It is a condition of matter when it does not have the property of ease.  Ease is the entity, and dis-ease the lack of it.
    Trauma is injury to tissues, which impairs or destroys tissue cells but the tissue cells are not sick.
    In Trauma, tissues are not degenerated or depleted.  They are just injured; and this is proven by the fact that a wound will heal readily and healthily, if the region of injury or the body is not dis-eased.  Trauma is in the field of surgery.
    Dis-ease is the condition of tissue cells when there is incoordination.  It is the result of coordination when the tissue cells do not do their duties coordinately.  The tissue cells that fail to function are not always where the symptoms of trouble are; for example, gas and tympanites when the liver is not functioning coordinately.  When there is incoordination, tissue cells are sick; not clean, as they are in Trauma.  When there is coordination there is a good supply of things to make a tissue cell healthy.  If it is healthy it is sound.  If tissue cells are not coordinating, some tissue cells will be made unsound (insane) therefore they are sick and not at ease.
    Many terms, viz., dis-ease, incoordination, paralysis, and physical insanity are used almost synonymously.

Art. 368.    Impingement.
    “To strike or dash (on, upon, against) esp. clashingly or with a sharp collision; of etheric or aerial waves to come sharply (on or upon) a body; as, sound waves impinge upon the tympanum.”
    “To encroach or infringe (on or upon).”
    “To thrust, force, or dash; to thrust or strike against; to collide with.” (Webster.)
    It can be seen from the above that impingement means simultaneous or successively rapid little taps or strokelets; as, of a handful of pebbles thrown against a window, or of raindrops.  The meaning, however, that is used in Chiropractic, is also implied by the foregoing definitions; that is to encroach, infringe, or crowd upon.  This latter definition implies that the crowding upon is a persistent, continuous pressure and not a single push.
    The word impinge is used to indicate what the walls of an abnormal foramen do to a nerve in a foramen.
    All impingements in the body (and there are many kinds) are due to subluxations, directly or indirectly.  Impingements may be produced by fractures or dislocations also, for any abnormal position of a vertebra, relative to its neighbors, may impinge nerves.  The first known, and the most common places of impingement are in the intervertebral foramina.  When the body walls of the foramen are out of their normal positions, they crowd upon the contents of the foramen, which in turn crowd upon one or more axons in the spinal nerve.  Since nerve cells are extremely delicate, very little pressure is necessary to disarrange its working capacity to some extent; enough to cause incoordination at the periphery of that axon.  By far, the most of the interferences are caused by this type of impingement, though many times there may be actual bony pressure upon the nerve – pinching it in that case, probably.
    Again it is necessary to remind the student that the nerve is not a copper wire, but a living tissue cell with signs of life – adaptability.  Being very delicate, constant pressure, hourly or daily encroachments, even if not constant, will annoy this very sensitive tissue cell.  Momentary pressures of even greater amounts would not so annoy it as this daily nagging encroachment.  An annoyed or sick nerve cannot conduct properly.  Sometimes great pressures do not annoy spinal nerves as much as little pressures, and no rule of severity can be formulated according to the amount of pressure, unless of course, it is a question of pinching.  Pinching usually requires dislocation or fracture; a subluxation is not apt to pinch a nerve.

Art. 369.    Cord Pressure And Cord Tension.
    In much the same way, impingements can occur in the spinal canal, which is also packed with the same material as the foramen.  These impingements are called Cord Pressures.  There are several kinds.  Those due to pressure upon the contents of the spinal canal, and those due to distortion of the meninges, called Cord Tension; those due to pathology in the spinal canal or in the meninges or the cord itself.

Art. 370.    Sacral Impingements.
    Impingements occur in the spinal canal of the sacrum by Cord Tension and also by impingement upon the spinal nerves emitting through the sacrum because of distortion of the meningeal sac.

Art. 371.    Cervical Cord Pressures.
    In many cases, the anterior part of the meninges has fibers of connective tissue, extending to the periosteum of the posterior surface of the axis, third or fourth cervicals.  This offers possibilities of cord pressures when the above named vertebrae are subluxated.  Also, subluxation of any of the first five or six cervicals can cause pressures upon the external rami of the Spinal Accessory Nerve, which, emitting from the spinal cord on each side, ascend between the meninges and the cord, back into the cranial vault, through the foramen magnum where they join with the internal branch of the Accessory and later with all the lower group of cranial nerves. (See Fig. 37.)

Art. 372.    Multiple Pressures.
    Multiple Pressure in the case of one subluxation producing many impingements in various ways.
    For this article, Fig. 37 will suffice.

Art. 373.    Indirect Pressures.
    There can be an Indirect Pressure upon nerves by pressure upon the tissues surrounding them, which are themselves suffering from interference due to a fracture, a dislocation, or a subluxation of a vertebra.  Impingements can occur anywhere in the body, but the abnormalities which cause them are themselves caused by trouble in the spine.  Of course, traumatic conditions are excepted.  Nerves can be impinged by abnormal positions of bodily parts, by broken bones, by prolapsed organs, by tumors, and by scar tissue.  But unless these causes are of traumatic origin, the primary cause is traceable to the spinal foramina or spinal canal, where misplaced vertebrae are impinging fibers.  Interference with transmission, whether directly in the spine or indirectly somewhere in the body, is the only cause of incoordination. (See Fig. 18)
    We are often aware of temporary impingement, from some position of our bodies, which has no permanent effect, such as benumbed arms, feet “gone to sleep,” aches in neck from driving a car, or sitting at a typewriter.  Most of these temporary impingements are relieved when we move about or in the relaxation of sleep, but sometimes they remain as permanent causes of incoordination.  These permanent causes are the ones in the spine and can be relieved only by the adjusting of the misplaced vertebrae.

Art. 374.    Subluxations, The Physical Representative Of The Cause Of Dis-ease.  Principle No. 31.
    Interference with transmission, in the body, is always directly or indirectly due to subluxations in the spinal column.
    The following articles will explain this principle in detail.  Some of them are repetitions of some of the Sophomore subjects, but necessary here.

Art. 375.    The Normal Vertemere Cycle.
    The Vertemere Cycle is the cycle from innate brain to the tissues holding in situ the vertebra in question.
    A subluxation impinging a nerve from brain to organ, also impinges the nerve supplying its own tissues; that is why it exists as a subluxation.  See subsequent Articles.
    In the scheme in Fig. 14, the outer cycle represents the normal complete cycle from brain to organ in question; and the inner cycle represents a normal complete cycle from brain cell to “tissue cell” in the region of the vertebra itself.

Art. 376.    The Vertemere Region.
    The Vertemere is the vertebra in question, which is considered an important part of a zone because when it is subluxated it is the cause of dis-ease in its zone; or is where the impinged neuromere makes its exit.
    The region of the Vertemere consists of the tissues which keep the vertebrae in situ.  It is important because when a subluxation exists, there is interference with transmission to this region, preventing Innate from placing or holding the vertebra in situ.
    It is important, also, because when an adjustment is given, here is where the innate contraction of forces takes place.
    The Vertemere Region has to do with the vertebra, intervertebral discs, the adjacent ligaments, the muscles that act upon the vertebra, subluxations, rotations, curvatures, innate contraction of forces, adjusting, etc.
    (References: Vol. XV; Vol. V, p. 191, 196)
    When a person moves about during the day, bending, stooping, sitting, walking, working, etc., naturally, his vertebrae are moving continually about in relation to each other; and naturally, they will be out of alignment momentarily.  Just as soon as a particular movement of the body is completed, Innate immediately replaces the vertebra to its proper place, by the functioning of the tissues holding it in its proper position. (213 V).  These positions of vertebrae, while they may momentarily impinge nerves, are not subluxations.  A subluxation impinges the nerves supplying the responsible tissues of a vertebra, so that when it is misplaced to the extent called a subluxation, it cannot be replaced instantly by Innate, and therefore becomes existent as a real subluxation.  The action of the tissues in moving a vertebra in response to a concussion is called innate contraction of forces.  When a vertebra has remained out of place for some time, the tissues of the vertemere become changed in form and texture; may even become pathological, and then it is said to be a chronic subluxation.
    When a vertebra is subluxated, and Innate cannot get her forces through, to put it back to its normal position, the application of outside forces is necessary.
    An analogy: Let us suppose a powerful car is stalled on an ice-covered street.  The engine has plenty of power, but there is no traction.  Try as it may, it cannot get away from the curb.  Then a man comes to help.  He intends to give a “boost” which must be in a direction that will help.  His strength is puny when compared with that of the engine.  Yet, if he applies it correctly, in the proper direction, the car will move out from the curb easily.  The man did not push the car out; it could not do it itself, but the resultant of their combined efforts did.  The man gave the car a chance to get traction; the adjustor gives Innate a chance to use her contraction of forces.
    Before the advent of Chiropractic, the application of outside forces was haphazard and the chances of adjustments resulting therefrom followed the laws of chance.  If you have studied chance in mathematics, you know the probability of adjustment was very slim.  We all have read stories of miraculous accidents which restored health; particularly, paralysis being the favorite dis-ease.  Accidents did adjust a few cases, and many miraculous “cures” resulted from falls, slipping down stairs, etc.  It was not until the discovery of Chiropractic that adjusting became a definite and specific science.
    Animals have been seen adjusting themselves.  Horses, after they have been stabled a long time, or hard worked, or do not feel well, always roll upon the ground with manifest enjoyment.  It is not merely to scratch the skin or to dress the hair.  The writer has observed them many times.  Dogs roll upon the ground also, and if one will notice, it is not smooth or soft ground that they prefer.
    Many peasant peoples and primitive tribes in all parts of the world are using adjustments.  The writer has been informed by natives of Poland, Syria, and Russia, and by travelers in Burma, Mexico, and from the shores of the Arctic Ocean, that tribes in those places are using and have been using adjustments for hundreds of years.  The methods are interesting and various.

Art. 377.    The Normal Vertebra. (See Vol. XV)
    A Vertebra is one of the movable bony segments of the spinal column.
    Word analysis: from vertere, to turn or change.
    A typical Vertebra has a centrum or body; two pedicles; two laminae (forming a neural arch); two superior and two inferior articular processes, which articulate with the vertebra above and the one below, respectively, two transverse processes, arising at the union of the pedicles and laminae (one on each side extending laterally); and a spinous process, consisting of the united laminae extending toward the posterior.  The two pedicles and the two laminae (the neural arch) together with the centrum, form a bony ring.  The bony rings of all the vertebrae, superimposed upon each other, form the neural canal.
    Between the vertebrae are pads of cartilage which separate them approximately one-fourth inch apart, and securely fasten them together.  This cartilage is very elastic, owing to its laminated structure, and its consistency.  It forms very flexible articulations so that the vertebrae can tip or roll in every direction, within limits.
    The vertebrae are further secured in their positions by nine ligaments with their modifications and subdivisions.  These allow the vertebrae to move in all directions, within a limited distance.
    The column of segments or vertebrae, called the spinal column, is maintained in an upright position, not straight, but with a sigmoid curve, by muscles and ligaments.  The muscles serve to move the segments, as well as to hold them in place.
    A Vertebra is in its normal position when it is in proper juxtaposition with the vertebra above and the one below, when all its articulations are in proper apposition; and so that it does not impinge nerves and interfere with the transmission of mental impulses.
    A Vertebra in this position is where Innate wants it to be, which may not be according to an “educated” ideal gained from laboratory calculations.

Art. 378.    Abnormal Vertebrae. (See Vol. XV.)
    A Vertebra is abnormal when it has not developed normally, is dis-ease or pathological.
    Sometimes vertebrae do not grow properly.  The ossification may be abnormal, as in rickets, which results in misshapen twisted, distorted vertebrae.  If a vertebra is in an abnormal position for a length of time, that is called chronic, and subjected to unusual pressures and stresses in that position, is apt to change into a mis-shapen vertebra, especially if it is during the growing age.  Vertebrae in which there is dis-ease, as in osteomalacia, Pott’s dis-ease, etc., become pathological.  They become squeezed out of shape, or decayed, covered with exostosis, and sometimes destroyed entirely, in which case Innate builds around them compensating bony tissue, called ankylosis, to uphold the spinal column. (See Vol. XV.)
    Such vertebrae are difficult to restore to their normal positions, for they have become so fitted to the abnormal positions that they offer much resistance to adjusting.  In such adjustments it is mostly the “booster’s” forces that must overcome this resistance.  In case of pathological vertebrae, or heavy ankylosis, or destroyed vertebrae and discs (as in Pott’s dis-ease) adjustments are impossible. We know that such cases could have been prevented if they had been adjusted before so much destruction took place.

Art. 379.    Intervertebral Discs. (Ref. Vol. XV and IX)
    An Intervertebral Disc is the elastic pad of cartilage between vertebrae.
    An Intervertebral Disc is disc shaped and somewhat thicker in the center, like a lens.  Discs average from one-eight to five-sixteenth inch in thickness.  They have a laminated structure in the center of which is a semi-fluid, pulp-like mass.  The laminae (layers) give elasticity; and, although they are made of non-elastic connective tissue fibers, these fibers are kinked, which also give elasticity, within limits.
    The vertebrae do not slide over the lens-like structures, but the fibers of the disc are securely imbedded in the epiphyseal plates of the adjacent vertebrae, thus attaching these strong ligaments.  This structure allows the vertebra to move by stretching or squeezing the disc.  The discs, acting as ligaments and as padding to sustain shocks, are very important tissues of the vertemere.
    When the discs are abnormal, they are too dry or too firm, wedge-shaped, too thin, pathological, or may be entirely destroyed (as in Pott’s dis-ease).  The consideration of abnormal discs in adjusting is important, for they offer considerable resistance to adjustment and tend to misplace the vertebrae again, until adjustments have caused a physiological change in their texture and shape.  This is accomplished both by the mechanical forces and the restoration of transmission to the vertemere.

Art. 380.    Spinal Ligaments. (Ref. Vol. XV and IX)
    Ligaments are bands of fibrous connective tissue which assist in holding the segments of the spinal column in situ, allowing a limited movement of the segments.
    They also assist in keeping the spinal column erect, with its normal curves.  These normal curves conform to the shape that Innate desires, which may not be according to a “laboratory ideal.”
    There are nine principal ligaments, with their subdivisions.  These ligaments embrace the vertebrae like a mesh-work tube; also having super-attachments and inter-attachments of their processes.
    Abnormal ligaments are those which are pathological; too hard, too dry, prolapsed, or grown into abnormal shapes.
    In chronic abnormal positions of the spine (as subluxations and curvatures) the ligaments assume abnormal forms and textures; as, being lengthened on the convex side of a curvature and shortened on the concave side.
    The ligaments that concern any given vertebra, if abnormal, do much to resist adjustments (as do discs, as described before) and do not assist much in keeping the vertebrae in normal position, when they are adjusted, until enough time is allowed for them to regain their normal form and texture.  This, also, is accomplished by restoration of transmission to the ligaments concerned, through the vertemere cycle.
    Note: – There is an erroneous belief among laymen that Chiropractic is “good for” spinal dis-eases only.  We wish to inform both laymen and students that spinal dis-eases are only a small part of Chiropractic in the handling of peripheral causes.  To the chiropractor, all body tissues are periphery and subject to the law of cause and effect.

Art. 381.    Spinal Muscles. (Ref. XV and IX)
    Spinal muscles are those attached to or which have to do with the position of vertebrae, relative to each other; and to keep the spine erect, giving to it any movement necessary in flexing or turning.
    The muscles are employed constantly, especially when there is consciousness.  The muscles are the means of subluxations occurring.  The response to a concussion is referred to as innate contraction of forces.  If one will try to visualize the task of keeping twenty-six blocks of bone in a correct, functioning pile, every one being moved to accommodate the different positions of the body, he can realize the importance of these muscles.
    Abnormal muscles are those which are dis-eased, pathological, contracted, prolapsed, or depleted.
    When dis-eased or pathological, they cannot perform their functions properly in moving or maintaining the spine in its normal position.  If contracted or prolapsed, they cause rotations and curvatures.  If the spinal muscles, having to do with the subluxated vertebra, are abnormal, Innate cannot restore the vertebra to its normal position; and if pathological or depleted, will offer little, if any, assistance in keeping it in its place until restored transmission gets them back to normal.

Art. 382.    Curvatures. (Ref. XV)
    A Curvature is a permanent, abnormal deviation from the normal contour of the spinal column; whether it augments or straightens a curve.
    A Curve is the normal bending of the spinal column.
    The normal spinal column is straight when viewed from the posterior or anterior, and sigmoid from a lateral view.
    There are three kinds of curvatures when classified according to direction.  A convexity toward the anterior is a lordosis.  A convexity toward the posterior is a kyphosis.  A convexity toward either side is a scoliosis.  These curvatures may be combined forming lordo-scolioses, or kypho-scolioses.  If a curvature is complicated by rotations, it is, for instance, a rotatory-scoliosis.  When there is just one abnormal lateral bend in the whole spinal column, it is a total scoliosis.  Usually, however, a curvature, which tends to throw the spinal column “out of plumb” has another curvature which tends to restore “plumb” (thus making adaptation) called a compensatory curvature; as compensatory scoliosis.
    Curvatures are also classified according to cause and effect.
    A curvature that is caused by a subluxation (see Vertemere Cycle) is a primary curvature.
    Curvatures which compensate for primary curvatures are compensatory curvatures and are secondary or adaptative.
    Curvatures caused by trauma may be classed as primary curvatures and have their compensatory (secondary or adaptative) curvatures.  Curvatures caused by occupations, as hod-carrying, bookkeeping, locomotive driving, are occupational curvatures.  They are not caused by subluxations, therefore are not primary curvatures; they are adaptative to the occupation.  It would be a serious mistake to adjust for occupational curvatures, since they are not caused by subluxations, and adjustments could not abolish the patient’s occupation.  One could only advise him to change his occupation, or do it in a different manner.  Such curvatures of very long standing have no remedy, nor are they necessarily harmful.
    Chiropractic does not pretend to “straighten” curvatures by force, or to force and abnormal spine to an “educated ideal.”  That is not Chiropractic but orthopedic surgery.  Neither does Chiropractic adjust with the intention of forcing or driving vertebrae into perfect alignment; for Chiropractic does not treat effects at all.  It seeks to remove the cause, and the cause is always in the spine. (Prin. 30, 31.)
    Primary curvatures are effects.  They are the effects of interference with transmission to the muscles and other tissues which keep the spine in its proper contour.  If the muscles are contracted or prolapsed, they will pull the spine out of alignment or allow it to sag out of alignment.  By adjusting the cause of this, the muscles regain their tonicity and motor control, thus becoming normal muscles.  These normal muscles by coordinated pulls, restore the spine to its normal shape.  Absolutely, this is the only way that a primary curvature can be abolished.  When the primary curvature has gone, there is no further need of compensatory curvatures (which are adaptative), so they disappear.  Since occupational curvatures are adaptative, they will disappear when the patient ceases or changes his occupation.
    Rule – Never adjust for adaptative conditions; adjust for the primary condition that produces them.
    One should never adjust vertebrae to get them into “perfect alignment,” for what one thinks is the right position “educationally,” may not suit Innate – it very seldom does.  That is to say, they may not be subluxations at all, and unless they are subluxations they should not be adjusted.
    If in the spine of a person, the X-rays show many vertebrae “out of alignment,” and if he has apparent curvatures; if he still has practically perfect health, it is a mistake to adjust these vertebrae, for Innate has not said they are subluxations. She has made it strongly manifest that they are not subluxations and that the spine is just as she wants it to be.

Art. 383.    Rotations. (Ref. Vol. XV)
    A Rotation is the condition of a vertebra when its centrum has lost its proper juxtaposition with the one above or the one below or both, having rotated about a vertical axis, usually between the zygapophyses.
    A Rotation that impinges nerves and interferes with the transmission of mental impulses is a subluxation.
    The axis of a rotation is vertical and commonly near the union of the pedicles and laminae; that is to say, at the zygapophyses which act as fulcrums.  When a vertebra centrum rotates to the right, or left, the tip of the spinous process usually rotates in the opposite direction.  A single vertebra cannot rotate very far, owing to the limitations imposed by its ligaments; approximately to one-fourth inch or a little more sometimes.
    Vertebrae rotate freely and normally with the movements of the body, but when they become permanently and abnormally rotated they are called Rotations.  Such displacements to the right are named Right Rotations, and those to the left, Left Rotations.  When a vertebra rotates more than one-fourth or three-eighths of an inch, it carries the vertebra above and the one below with it, and thus forms a Right (or left) Rotatory Scoliosis.  Such a scoliosis contains three or more rotated vertebrae. (For more detail, see Vol. XV).

Art. 384.    Titled Vertebrae.
    A Tilted Vertebra is one that has lost its proper juxtaposition with the one above and the one below, by having the centrum rotated about a horizontal axis.
    This axis is not always through the center of the centrum; it may be through any part of it, so that the vertebra is titled up on one side; down on one side; one side up and the other side down.  The same may be said about the anterior and the posterior portions.  When a vertebra is titled, the disc is compressed on the side where the vertebrae are too close together, while the other side of the disc is extended, so that it is thicker than usual.  Tilted vertebrae are found in an infinite variety of positions.  When they impinge nerves and interfere with the transmission of mental impulses, they are classed as subluxations.

Art. 385.    Posterior Subluxations.
    The most common subluxations are Posterior Subluxations.
    They are differentiated from Rotations and Tilts in that their principal direction of displacement is posterior.
    A posterior Subluxation is listed by the position of the tip of its spinous process, which of course is posterior to the two adjacent ones.  In addition of being posterior, this spinous process may be rotated to the right or left slightly (“laterality”); or perhaps to the superior or inferior.  Also, there are combinations of these directions.  Thus nine different positions of the spinous process are named.  The description which indicates the position is called listing.  The manner of listing the positions is by the use of the initial letters of the directions, thus: P., P.R., P.L., P.S., P.I., P.R.S., P.R.I., P.L.S., P.L.I.  Of course, the line of drive in adjusting is just the reverse of the listed direction.

Art. 386.    Definitions Of Subluxations.
    Chiropractic definition: a subluxation is the condition of a vertebra that has lost its proper juxtaposition with the one above, or the one below, or both; to an extent less than a luxation; and which impinges nerves and interferes with the transmission of mental impulses.
    All the factors of the foregoing definition must be included in order that it be a Chiropractic definition.
    It can be seen by the previous articles that any abnormal position of a vertebra, such as posteriority, rotations, curvatures, and tilts, are subluxations if they impinge nerves and interfere with the transmission of mental impulses.
    For comparison, we give the anatomical or surgical definition:
    “A partial dislocation.” (Dorland)  A subluxation is the displacement of elements of any joint so that its articulations are not in proper juxtaposition, to an extent less than a dislocation. (Note – dislocation and luxation are synonymous.)  It, of course, includes the joints of the spinal column though this definition is not limited to the spinal column as the Chiropractic definition is.  Also, the surgical definition makes no mention of impingement and interference with transmission, for that is no part of surgery.  The subluxations shown by spinography are not Chiropractic subluxations until it is proved that they interfere with transmission of mental impulses.

Art. 387.    Subluxations Defined According To Cause.
    A Subluxation is the result of unbalanced resistive forces in response to an invading penetrative force.
    The resistive forces, in this case, are unbalanced because of the limitations of matter, or the nature of the invading force. (180-185, 187 V.)  The third law of motion states that every action has an opposite and equal reaction.  A subluxation is an abnormality produced in the body by resistive force in response to an external force.  It is not produced by the direct application of the external force.  A force which results in the subluxation of a vertebra very seldom strikes it.  This force, of course, has a reactionary force in the opposite direction, but that does not concern us.  To the invading force, Innate makes resistance, adaptively.  There is reactionary force to this, which Innate causes to be met and absorbed by the mass of the body, as the recoil of shooting is absorbed by the mass of the gun.  Should the penetrative force be within the range of body tissue adaptation (Prin. 24), the invasion is met, balanced or overcome successfully and nothing happens; except, perhaps, local injury to the tissues struck.  Should the penetrative force act upon body tissues when they are not in a position to react readily, then the resistance will be untimely, therefore unbalanced.  The student is not for an instant to suppose that Innate is too slow or that Innate is unable; but Innate always has to work with material, therefore her efforts are limited by the limitations of material. (Prin. 5, 6, 24.)  She makes intellectual adaptation quickly enough and sends impulses readily enough, but the tissues cannot act readily enough when in awkward positions, and so the forces are unbalanced.
    That part of the mass of the body which absorbs most reactions to such movements is the spinal column, for it is the foundation of the whole body.  Naturally, the greatest strain falls upon that vertemere which is absorbing the most reaction.  If the resistive force be unbalanced, the reaction to that force is unbalanced likewise, therefore the muscles of the vertemere misplace the vertebra.
    The question has often arisen: why is the spine always the part affected by these unbalanced forces?  The answer to this is: the spine is not always the part to suffer, but is the most common place to suffer from unbalanced resistive forces, because it is the foundation of the body.  It is important to note that unbalanced resistive forces produce sprains, dislocations, torn tissues, prolapses, or fractures, in most any active part of the body.  This is the fundamental principle of jujitsu.
    Example: Suppose a person were accustomed to making a leap from a platform to the ground three feet below.  He could be blindfolded and still make the leap without the slightest injury.  But, if, unbeknownst to him, a deep pit were dug where he expected to land, and this pit filled with feathers or some other soft material, the blindfolded jumper would more than likely possess some subluxations after the jump.  Obviously, it would be impossible for the fall to hurt him otherwise.  He could receive no concussion of forces from outside his body.  Yet his Innate expecting hard ground at three feet had resistive forces prepared, which having nothing to act upon were unbalanced and produced subluxations. (For another example see Poison Cycle, Art. 200.)
    The first natural resistance made by Innate is mechanical.  This is the first response made by Innate because it is the most ready retaliation at hand.  In case of invasive chemical forces, or any other intangible (or rather a force not mechanical), it is first met by Innate by mechanical resistance.  Later, Innate will produce counteractive chemicals, but that requires more time (Prin. 6).  Naturally, a mechanical force matched against a chemical force is like striking at shadows, and if at all violent will result in subluxations, strains, etc.
    If a person is called upon to make a sudden and strong resistance to a push or a blow then he is in an awkward relaxed posture, to receive it, he will feel the reaction in his back. (187, V)  Even if he is in a prepared posture, if the strain is beyond the endurance of his tissues a subluxation will occur.
    Example: If a man is lifting an object, the pull of gravity is downward, and he is trying to move it upward – so much for that pair of forces.  The pull on his arms is downward and the resistance of his spine is upward – the internal pair of forces.  Should he try to lift something too heavy for him, his back will withstand, for a time, the strain upward; all the muscles straining to keep those blocks of bone stacked up, under the pressure.  Then as he lifts harder he reaches the limit of his tissues.  The weakest place gives away first, and with traumatic suddenness, there are unbalanced forces acting in the weakest vertemere.

Art. 388.    External Forces.
    External Forces are environmental or universal or physical forces; forces not assembled by Innate Intelligence.
    Their main characteristic is that they are not adaptive, though they can be adapted. (Prin. 11, 23.)
    They may be either beneficial or harmful to the body.
    They may be applied either inside or outside of the body.
    Some are always inside the body (Prin. 1, 16); they cannot be kept out, but if the body is normal they are always adapted when inside.
    They may affect the body in numerous forms; as, physical, chemical, and mechanical (which is also physical).
    They are necessary to the body to maintain universal balance.  The student should understand that they come to the body in circumstances, weather, food, drink, sunlight – myriads of ways.  Because they come in from without, they are called external, although they may have internal application.  The student should not get the idea that they always impinge on the surface of the body from the outside – that is not an ideal way to receive a dinner, for instance.  Sometimes they are harmful.

Art. 389.    Penetrative Forces.
    Penetrative Forces are invasive forces; forces external which force their way into the body, and their effects upon tissue, in spite of Innate’s resistance.
    Or, they are forces in the body which Innate does not desire, and which she tries to expel; or to prevent their action.
    They are in numerous forms; as physical, chemical, and mechanical.
    These forces are well known.  We fail to acknowledge some of them if they are insidious.  They may enter the body as chemical forces and begin their destructive work by corrosion or calling for violent adaptation. (See poison cycle.)  The forces of weather as heat, cold, etc., call for unusual adaptation sometimes.  Severe exertion demands severe adaptation.  However, all the Penetrative Forces do not provoke violent rejection – some are more subtle.
    Penetrative Forces, which are mechanical, are applied outside of the body usually, though not always.  They may be from any direction.  The direction of these mechanical penetrative forces has nothing to do with the direction of the subluxation they cause, if they cause subluxations.  They do not strike the vertebra they subluxate, but may strike a part of the body very remote from them; for it is the unbalanced reaction of the resistive concussion that does the subluxating.
    In some cases, penetrative forces result in benefit to the body; and that is when they are scientifically applied.  An adjustment is that kind.  However, any adjustic move that is not scientifically given (direction does make a difference here) is not beneficial and is likely to be harmful.  The fact is often presented that some unscientific adjustments do get sick people well – but so do some accidents; but an accident is too uncertain to be a reliable doctor.

Art. 390.    Internal Forces.
    Forces made by Innate.
    They are for use in and for the body.
    They are universal forces assembled or adapted for use in the body.
    They are for adaptation to other universal forces.
    Internal Forces, which were spoken of before as innate forces have been quite fully described in many other places.

Art. 391.     Resistive Forces.
    Resistive Forces are Internal Forces (innate forces) called into being to oppose Penetrative Forces.
    They may be in many forms; as physical, chemical, or mechanical.
    Example: physical, as movements of tissue cells; chemical, as antidotes, oxidations, etc.; mechanical, as “bucking” when a patient is being adjusted; mental, as educated adaptations, will, etc.
    When ill-timed or unbalanced may produce strains, sprains, torn tissues, fractures, luxations, or subluxations.
    When ill-timed or unbalanced, it is not the fault of Innate, but the limitations of matter. (Prin. 5, 24).
    They oppose, or join some penetrative forces as determined by Innate; as, in adjusting.
    Resistive forces have been described in the previous articles.  Chemical resistance has been given in Poison Cycles.
    “Bucking” is the term used to describe what a patient does when he is getting a poor adjustment or has had previous experience with poor adjustments.
    If the body is not in an awkward posture; or if Innate is educationally aware of an impending force, the body will always successfully oppose an invading force, if it is not beyond the limits of adaptation of these tissues.

Art. 392.    Innate Contraction Of Forces.
    Innate Contraction of Forces are the efforts made by Innate Intelligence through the tissues of the vertemere region in response to a concussion.
    When a subluxation occurs, it is because the reaction to Innate’s resistance (in the body) is ill-timed or unbalanced, through the limitations of matter.
    When an adjustment occurs, it is because the reaction in the body to Innate’s resistance is called forth, scientifically and intentionally, by the adjustor, so that the reaction is joined with the adjustic force in timeliness, amount, and direction.
    Posture is an important factor in these; awkwardly relaxed or unprepared or unequaled to strain, in subluxating; scientifically relaxed in adjusting.
    In other words, the first resistance that Innate makes to a mechanical blow is mechanical resistance, even though later she accepts it as “something good.”  The force must be delivered as a concussion, so as to call forth a resistance, that there may be a usable reaction to it in the vertemere.  No matter how good an adjustor is, there is a percentage of his forces that Innate cannot accept, hence she will resist.  No one can calculate to one hundred per cent what Innate wants in amount, direction, and distance.  That is why Innate’s forces must be called forth, to do the adjusting, for she is the only power able to do it.  However, every adjustor should strive to make his percentage of acceptable forces as high as possible, for if the percentage is low, it is rejected by Innate.  If the force is delivered by “brute strength” in spite of Innate’s objections, it calls forth no adjustic forces by Innate, and may result in trauma.  In most cases of poor “adjustments”, Innate will successfully reject them, which is fortunate.
    When Innate makes her resistance to a mechanical force which is “good,” and she has determined that it is “good,” she always disposes of a percentage of the resistance by absorption in the tissues and allows the reaction to be augmented by the “good” percentage of the adjustor’s move, thus forming a resultant force, which restores the vertebra to its normal position.  This takes place in the vertemere and has to do with the vertemere cycle.

Art. 393.    Luxations. (Dislocations)
    A Luxation (Chiropractic definition) is the condition of a vertebra that has lost its juxtaposition with the vertebra above or the one below, or both, to the extent that its articulations are not in apposition.
    “Out of joint.”  Dislocated.
    It may or may not impinge nerves and interfere with transmission.
    When a joint is dislocated, its articulations are not partially displaced as in subluxations, but are “clear out of joint”; no longer in apposition.  To allow this, the ligaments are strained and in some cases are torn loose.  Dislocations are traumatic and are not in the realm of Chiropractic, professionally or legally.  The practitioner should send such cases to the surgeon; or, if he does anything at all with them, work under the auspices of a surgeon.

Art. 394.    Fractures.
    A Fracture is a broken bone or ruptured cartilage.
    “The breaking of a part, especially of a bone.” (Dorland)
    It may or may not impinge nerves and interfere with the transmission of mental impulses.
    In the spine, fragments of broken bone or imperfectly set bones, or an irregular healing of a fractured bone may impinge nerves.  There is nothing a chiropractor can do about fractures, professionally or legally.

Art. 395.    B.J.’s Answer To A Medical College.
    It has often been said by the medical profession that no one could move a vertebra of the spinal column and that the Chiropractic claims were all fake.  They went so far as to make the following test to show that it was a fake.  They forgot, or else never knew that real chiropractors do not claim they adjust vertebrae, but that Innate Intelligence does it.  A chiropractor would not attempt to adjust the vertebrae of a dead man, any more than a physician would give him salts to move his bowels.  The chiropractor adjusts vertebrae in the living – why?  Because he expects a recoil to take place and that would be impossible in a dead man.  The medical college made a mechanical experiment on a dead body, and B.J. answered with an experiment just as mechanical, showing that even in this line the medical college was mistaken, and was not obliged to show his strongest argument – that is, that Innate adjusts.
    Quotation: “The College of Medical Evangelists, located at Loma Linda, California.  The spine used was ‘fresh’!  It was placed upon a structure of wood with the vertebra that pressure was brought to bear upon, entirely free from any brace whatsoever.  Pressure of eight hundred pounds was brought to bear upon the posterior surface.  This crushed the spinous process and some portions of the laminae.  Pressure of one thousand, one hundred ninety-five pounds reduced the vertebra to almost a powdery consistency.  All this weight was exerted without any movement of the vertebra itself.”
    B.J.’s Test in Answer: “Two boards two inches thick, twelve inches wide, and three feet long were used.  A hole was bored in one of these boards and the other one was placed upon it with the ends supported but leaving the space that was to be tested entirely free from any support whatever.  Then he placed a twenty-penny spike upright in the top board and adjusted it with levels so that it could not lean to either side.  Pressure was brought to bear on the spike.  It required one thousand six hundred pounds for the spike to begin entering the soft wood and before the spike had gone entirely through the wood, the pressure amounted to two thousand four hundred pounds.  Then it is preposterous for a carpenter, with a one pound hammer, to drive a spike.”

Art. 396.    Coordination.  Principle No. 32.
    Coordination is the principle of harmonious action of all the parts of an organism, in fulfilling their offices or purposes.
    It is not fully understood what mental impulses are.  That is no reflection upon Chiropractic.  Chiropractors know the manifestations of mental impulses.  They can make practical applications of this knowledge in getting the sick well.  Whatever the force is, they know that they have named a unit of it, Mental Impulse, with as much justification as electricians have named a unit of electrical current, ampere.
    However, as scientists, we are privileged to theorize about mental force.  Claiming to have knowledge of the fundamentals of our science, we believe our theories to have reasonable plausibility.  In the first place, we give credit to Intelligence for the origin of mental force, as we do in the consideration of all forces.  We know that the body is of organized materials.  We know that the molecules and atoms and structures constituting the body have the same interests, else they would not be together; the same specific object in view (p. 27, V) which shows that the principle of organization is in use. (See organize, Webster.)
    The actions of these component parts will always be for the welfare of other component parts, but these actions can only be beneficial to those parts, when cooperative or coordinated.  The forces which make these parts coordinate must be of that character which is specific and adaptative, which can be no less than mental.  Then, Innate Intelligence is the coordinating principle; necessarily mental, as intellectuality.  The forces and products emanating from the actions of some cells determine what must be done by other cells, adaptatively.  This interchange of forces and products is managed by Innate Intelligence.
    Perhaps we can use an analogy to advantage.  The Government of the United States does not direct the business of individuals.  A Government that is wise does not attempt to do so for no one knows one’s business as well as he does himself.  (Imagine the President or a Senator telling a chiropractor when and how to adjust a P. R. I. dorsal subluxation!)  To attempt it would involve the Government in a multiplicity of detail, would not be effectual because none of them would know all about every science or occupation.
    What is it that bids the farmer to plant his fields; the merchant to stock his shelves, and the workman to seek a job?  Not altogether his personal needs, or fundamentally to build a fortune.  Surely it is not a command from the Government.  It is a much more powerful urge than that.  It is the principle of service; that of cooperation or coordination.  This urge is not a tangible thing; it is abstract, yet a force to be reckoned with.  No government may tamper with it.
    It is nothing less than mental impulses.  The efficiency of these is exactly proportional to true organization and completeness of transmission; of the needs of some and the satisfying those needs by others.  The Law of Demand and Supply, if you notice.  Oversupply or under-supply, waste or want, would be due to incoordination due to poor transmission.  This does not refer to the transmission of materials entirely, but to transmission of the urge.  The demand of the needy gives the urge to the service giver.  The fact that he is compensated does not detract from the analogy, for so is the tissue cell compensated.  The real governing principle of the United States is not a body of men at Washington, but the great mental principle of coordination without which government would be ineffectual.

Art. 397.  The Law Of Demand And Supply.  Principle No. 33.
    The Law of Demand and Supply is existent in the body in its ideal state; wherein the “clearing house” is the brain, Innate the virtuous “banker,” brain cells “clerks,” and nerve cells “messengers.”
    This is not an analogy, but a fact.  While we are acquainted with this law in commerce, its working out is somewhat imperfect, because of the limitations of educated minds; but in the body with an infinite intelligence in charge, it has approached the perfect very closely; the only limitations being that of matter. (Prin. 24)  Application of this principle will show what coordination is and how necessary Intellectual Adaptation and adaptation are.  It shows the union and close relation of all these thirty-three principles and any more which we care to derive from them.  It binds them all together in an unbeatable unit – and that unit is the Essence of Chiropractic.  Know your principles thoroughly and no problem of Chiropractic, that is practical, will trouble you long.
    In order that Innate may make demand of all the tissue cells under her jurisdiction, in harmony with the organization, she must receive the demands from all the tissue cells in order to know their needs.  She must have Ideation in order to make Intellectual Adaptation.  The supply of forces comes from Innate directly, and the supply of materials reaches the demanding cells through the Serous Circulation.  It is evident, then, that the two most important cycles upon which the others are based are the Normal Complete Cycle, and the Serous Cycle.
    Let us illustrate further by the use of an analogy.  An electric generator induces electricity in its rotating armature, by swinging its coils of wires through a magnetic field and “cutting the lines of magnetic force.”  The amount of current generated and its strength is proportional to the number of “lines cut” per second and the strength of those lines.  This magnetic field is maintained by a “shunt winding,” if a direct current, and by a separate small dynamo, if alternating current.  As a hypothesis, suppose that when ten thousand lines of force are cut, at a given rate of speed, the generator is supplying one thousand lamps.  Then suppose that five hundred of these lamps are turned out, leaving only five hundred to be supplied.  Obviously, instant adaptation will have to be made at the generator, else the remaining lamps will be burned out, if not saved by fuses.  Instant adaptation is made; it is by the automatic “feel” of the return current by the field magnets of the generator, which instantly reduce the number of lines of force from ten thousand to five thousand, and though the generator still runs at the same rate of speed, the engine running the generator breathes much easier, for formerly it required much effort to cut those lines of force.
    Another entirely different theory is offered; the vibrations of a cell create an “aura” of radiant force which constitutes environmental conditions for other cells; just as a passenger in a crowded street car creates environmental conditions for other passengers which they must adapt themselves to.  This force is collected by Innate Intelligence on the afferent nerves, as we do lines of earth magnetism with a compass; or radiant electricity with our radio antennae, for the purpose of coordinating all tissue cells.  These forces which are inevitable emanations of any moving bodies, cells, or anything else, will act as a factor in determining what other cells will have to do in order to balance it.  The coordinating of all these struggling organisms is done through the “clearing house” – the brain, and Innate is the principle; which is the Intelligence that keeps all in harmony.

Art. 398.  The Universal Cycle.
    The Universal Cycle is the cycle showing intellectuality perpetuated in cycles.
    The cycle which explains the trend of evolution; the ever-changing institutions of the universe.
    All universal laws work in cycles; the material units of the universe, as the planets and stars move in circles.  The earth itself travels in a cycle and revolves around its axis.  The conditions on the surface of the earth undergo cycles, as the seasons.  The ever-changing phases of life on its surface are cyclic.  Living things die and new life starts up again.  Inorganic material is organized to be disorganized.  Organic structures are built to furnish material to tear down; that furnishes material to build again.  We have seen how there is an evolutionary value (survival value).  Its phases are cyclic.  What is the trend of this?  Dr. Palmer holds that it is the cyclic change which incorporates more intellectuality in matter, thus raising the standard of created things.  A progress toward betterment; toward the ideal.  We quote from Dr. Palmer (page 282, V).  “All of this universal cycle shows how cycles perpetuate its intellectuality, and its intellectuality-formed products, for further cyclic productions – to the end of a higher and better standard.  Quantity of foruns and quantity of matter, speed of one passing through the other, has all to do with the quality of the product.  It is not for chiropractors to try to improve the basic law – this is impossible – but to remove any (negative) obstructions, brought about by perversions of that law, to the further end of a greater and freer expression of what the law of cycles demands in every phase and attribute.  The law of a universal cycle is absolute.  ‘Have I interpreted correctly?’ remains for the sages of future years to say.”

Art. 399.    B.J.’s Utopia.
    In accordance with the hopeful idea given by the Universal Cycle, Dr. Palmer’s love for the human race and solicitude for the suffering, lead him to hold that chiropractors have a great mission to perform.  “Not to improve the basic law – this is impossible – but to remove any negative obstructions brought about by perversions of that law, to the further end of a greater and freer expression of what the law of cycles demands in every phase and attribute.”  If Chiropractic would be allowed to do this, an ideal state of affairs could be brought nearer.  This state of affairs, which is not impossible for chiropractors to bring about, if they had the chance, would approach the ideal.  An ideal state of sociology is a utopia.
    An ideal sociological state would be a country or a world without sickness, insanity, blindness, feeble-minded people, deaf and dumb, backward children; social evils, criminality, drunkenness and its attendant evils, abnormal reproduction, etc.  If Chiropractic were given a chance to do its miracles and reasonable time allowed for the results to be brought about, it could do much; more than any other human agency has done or can do, in reducing the above named abnormalities to a minimum.  This would be a great economic saving, because there could be fewer public and charitable institutions and penal institutions.