Art. 208.    Introduction.
    The Junior Textbook consists of the explanation of normality and abnormality and the practical application of principles in analysis.  These embrace the study of the meric system, function, abnormal function, dis-ease, pathology, compensatory adaptation, equations, major methods, analysis and etiology.
    As a basis for this, the Freshman Textbook explained the normal working of Innate Intelligence in the body and the natural laws, and presented a number of fundamental principles.  This was built upon, as a further preparation for Junior work by the Sophomore Textbook, which took up the study of cycles and the condition of matter.  It embraced “condition,” one of the main factors of major methods.

Art. 210.    Innate Brain. (Universal Diagram, Fig. 4. Art. 38)
    That part of the brain used by Innate as an organ, in which to assemble universal forces into foruns.
    It is supplied with mental impulses directly from Innate Intelligence, whose headquarters it is.
    For that reason it is a vital spot and cannot be dis-eased.
    Its existence is actual but its location is theoretical.
    There is no transmission of mental impulses from Innate Intelligence to Innate brain.  There is no necessity for it, Innate being right there.  Therefore, it always has one hundred per cent mental impulses.  This being true, it has perfect function, perfect metabolism, and never has incoordination.  It does not assimilate poisons from the serous stream, which other tissues with less than perfect supply of mental impulses do, when they depend upon imperfect transmission.  It can of course be damaged by trauma as any other tissue.  A virulent poison can penetrate it, in spite of its resistance.  If it is damaged by trauma, is poisoned, is subject to anemia – lack of blood and nutriment, death speedily ensues, for it will not endure dis-ease or injury.  Although Innate’s management is nothing short of miraculous, she is after all, limited in what she can do, on account of the limitations of matter. (Prin. 5,24)

Art. 219.    Description Of The Generic Table.
    The Generic Table is a tabulated listing of tissues according to their anatomical nerve supply from the spinal column, together with the names and symbols of the “places” in the spinal column.
    They are the “places” on the patient’s back where subluxations may be found which affect given tissues.  This table was compiled according to the results of adjustments or clinical findings, and the Meric System.  It is accurate anatomically, but later developments proved that while it is a good Meric Table it is too limited for a Generic Table.  Note: – A detailed study of the Meric System is to be found in Vol. II, page 342 and Vol. XV, page 220.
    The letter Names of the table are as follows:

    At. P. = Atlas place.                                         A. P.= Arm place.
    Ax. P. = Axis place.                                          H. P.= Heart place.
    M. C. P. = Middle cervical place.                   Lu. P.= Lung place.
    L. C. P. = Lower cervical place.                       Li. P.= Liver place.
    V. P. = Vertebra Prominens.                            C. P. = Center place.
    U. P.P. = Upper lumbar place.                         S. P. = Stomach place.
    M. P. P. = Middle lumbar place.                     Pan. P. = Pancreas place.
    L. P. P. = Lower lumbar place.                         Spl. P. = Spleen place.
    Sac. P. = Sacrum place.                                    U. K. P. = Upper Kidney place.
    Cc. P. = Coccyx place.                                      K. P. = Kidney place.

    The classifications in the following Generic Table are according to anatomical nerve supply, verified by clinical findings and nerve tracing.  They, however, are based upon nerve supply after the nerves have emitted from the neural canal, therefore does not show the possibilities of cord tension, or any of the multiple pressures.

Art. 224.    Efferent Nerves.
    The route from brain cell to tissue cell.
    The path of nerve axons from brain cell to tissue cell.
    Efferent nerves, anatomically, are bundles of histological axons of neurons which lead out from the brain.  They leave the cranial vault by various foramina.  Most of the cranial nerves leave by small openings in the cranium, but the spinal cord makes its exit by way of the foramen magnum.  The efferent nerves have their cells arranged so that their axons extend from the cell body toward the periphery.  The nerves are bundles of axons enclosed within the nerve sheath.  Philosophically, when we say Efferent Nerves we do not mean, necessarily, the whole nerve, as in anatomical language, but the route of mental force from brain to tissue.  In many cases this may concern a single axon or a chain of axons.  The nerve, anatomically, branches and re-branches so as to supply the tissues of its territory. (See Senior Text.)

Art. 225.    Afferent Nerves.
    The route from tissue cell to brain cell.
    The path of nerve axons from tissue cell to brain cell. (If it is a sensory nerve under consideration.)
    Sensory nerves are the afferent nerves from the special sense organs.
    In the Normal Complete Cycle the Afferent Nerve is theoretical.
    In the Normal Complete Cycle the afferent mental current, (Impressions) suffers no interference with transmission.
    Afferent Nerves, anatomically, are bundles of histological axons of neurons which lead from the tissues to the brain.  They enter the cranial vault by various foramina.  Most of the cranial Afferent nerves enter by small openings in the cranium, such as, the sphenoidal fissure, foramen rotundum, optic foramen, etc.  The spinal cord, which contains afferent axons, enters by the foramen magnum.  The Afferent nerves have their cells arranged so that their axons extend from the cell body away from the Periphery to the Center.  These Afferent nerves, like the Efferent, are composed of axons ensheathed, the nerve being like a conduit.  When we speak of Afferent Nerve, philosophically, however, we do not mean this anatomical conduit nor especially the histological chain of neurons with their connecting branches, but the route from Periphery to Center. (See Senior Text)

Art. 230.    Organization.
    An organization is an assemblage of ideas, principles, or material, in which each part has an office to fulfill in the maintenance of the whole unit.
    The human body is a very close organization with definite centralization at the brain.
    Every tissue cell and organ has an office to fulfill as a part of the organization.
    Therefore every part must render to the whole unit a necessary service. (Prin. 19, 21.)
    Let us consult Webster for the definition of organize: “To analyze or constitute in interdependent parts, each having a special function, act, office, or relation with respect to the whole; to systematize; to get into working order.” (Webster.)
    We know from this definition that an organism is the logical result of organize, or creation.  An organism consists of interdependent parts.  An independent part could not be a true part of the organism, but would be something not needed or wanted there – foreign material.  All the parts have common needs, common supply of these needs, common interests, common mission in the Universe, and common justification for existing at all.  Therefore, each part has a duty to perform in the organism, (a function) which is for the common good of all the parts.  Examination of the definition again, shows us that our reasoning is correct, “Each having a special function, act, office, or relation with respect to the whole—”  These duties are not haphazard, or just what the part happened to be or do; it is something the organization (or organism) needs or it would not have been incorporated.  Its presence in the organization, normally, is its justification for existence, for it is to produce something or do something for the benefit of the whole.  Again the definition bears us out; “to systematize; to get into working order.”  Then, there is a great principle that accounts for the existence of this creation which has been created (organized) and that principle is system.  Now we know by reasoning and examination of many definitions, that system can be nothing less than a process of intelligence, (just as selection in the Signs of Life is a process of intelligence).  Therefore there is intelligence throughout the organism, and each part has an amount proportional to its state of organization.  Then what is Innate Intelligence?  Scientifically, it is the Law of Organization. (This is by no means a view of the physicists but is squarely in Chiropractic.)

Art. 231.    Coordination (Prin. 32.)
    Coordination is the perfect harmonious action of all parts of the body in fulfilling their purposes, so that all parts will be benefited by the united efforts.
    It is the perfect operation of the Law of Demand and Supply. (Prin. 33)
    It is the perfect cooperation of organs for mutual caretaking and benefit.
    It is called health because every tissue cell is sound when the organization takes care of it.
    It is necessary by this time, that the student should at least begin to understand why Chiropractic uses the term incoordination instead of disease for sickness.  If he thinks of sickness as incoordination, then everything said about Chiropractic will appear more clear, logical and reasonable.  To understand the Principle, Coordination, is to possess the key to most difficult questions of Chiropractic study; for instance, “excess function” which we shall soon meet. (See Art. 86, Freshman Text)

Art. 233.    Innate’s Function. (Prin. 23.)
    Innate’s function or purpose is to assemble or adapt universal matter and forces for use in the body.
    To create adaptative forces for use in the body.
    As everything in the universe has a purpose, so has Innate.  There is only one justification for the existence of an Innate Intelligence, and that is an aggregation of units of matter, which are to be put into organized form and kept in that condition.  To adapt continually is the only way to do this.  Wherever there is organization, there is need for adaptation; wherever there is adaptation, there is necessity for an Innate Intelligence.

Art. 235.    THE FUNCTION OF AN ORGAN.

Art. 236.    The Function Of A Tissue Cell.
    The function of a tissue cell, which is the smallest organ in the body, is to give service to all the rest of the parts, for the welfare of the whole body.
    The cell is the smallest definite part of the body and therefore is the smallest organ.  It is, within itself, a definite unit like the whole body itself.  The parts of a cell are the cell’s organs, as the parts of the cell functioning for its benefit, are not functions of the whole body, directly, but are functions for the tissue cell’s body.  The manifestations of these we call signs of life.  The service that each cell renders to the whole body is called Primary Function, and of course the manifestation of these, in general are signs of life, though we seldom use that application.
    The cell is a very highly specialized instrument to be used by Innate for a particular kind of work.  Its structure and location is always according to the kind of work it is required to do.  Each tissue cell may be used for more than one kind of work, but the purpose it serves normally is always service of function.  Not all tissue cells are mechanically active in fulfilling their offices; as, bone cells, cells of ligaments, etc.
    All cells are in a state of vibratory motion, expressing the energy which is in them.  These energies are universal forces which are in all matter. (Prin. 1)  It is without specifying, universal function and therefore universal life.  This universal life has none of the characteristics of organic life; but while in the body, if the body is normal it is adapted, and therefore becomes organic life. (Prin. 1,14)  When these universal forces are adapted and governed by Innate, being used to produce service for the body, they become functioning forces; when they act without the control of Innate they are not functioning, but are the forces which produce, what is called for convenience, “excess or minus function.” (Prin. 23) (Arts. 262 and 263.)
    The unclassified services that tissue cells render the body are called General Functions; when the services are classified, they are called Primary Functions.

Art. 242.    General Function In The Body.
    General Functions are the unclassified, or non-specialized functions in the body; the general name for coordinative services of all the organs (tissue cells) of the body.
    Unless the signs of life are very latent, the protoplasm of all cells is in constant motion.  This is the expression of the life within them; evidence that they are really alive and distinguishable from inorganic matter.  This, their “response” (see Signs of Life, Freshman Text) is to the forces which greet them from the external.  These forces which come to them are either universal forces, or universal and Innate forces combined.  If the body is normal it will be both with nice balance.  This universal form of motion is called by physicists, “motor function.”  Dr. Palmer also calls it by the same name at times, but the student must not be confused by the application of the medical term to General Function.  Dr. Palmer also says: “A mental impulse is a thought in motion; motion is function; and function is life.”  This is absolutely true and well said but one must analyze epigrams.  “Coordination is health,” also, but if these very general statements were all that we put into a book, it could not be a textbook for study.
    The report to Innate is over the afferent half of the Normal Complete Cycle (not the Special Sense Cycle) and is General Sense.  Note that General Sense goes with General function.

Art. 243.    Primary Function In The Body.
    Primary Function is the cooperative service which the parts of the body render to each other.
    Since the tissue cell is the smallest organ, it is the basic unit in the study of function.  General Function is Primary Function considered generally without specifying the kind of expression.  Primary Functions are arbitrarily divided into nine specific kinds for convenience in making analyses.  Two others might be added, namely, Transmission, and Connection.  But as they have never been used with symbols, the writer will not attempt to add them to the nine.  The student should keep them in mind however, in making analyses and can give them the symbol for General Function – (O).

Art. 244.    Primary Functions And Their Normal Symbols.

        0.  General Function,               O.
        1.  Motor Function,                 M.
        2.  Calorific Function,              C.
        3.  Sensory Function,              S.
        4.  Secretory Function,            T.
        5.  Excretory Function,            E.
        6.  Nutritive Function,             N.
        7.  Reparatory Function,         R.
        8.  Expansive Function,           X.
        9.  Reproductive Function      Y.

    These are the names of the nine specific kinds of coordinative service that tissue cells give each other.  Some of these are mostly (considering each separately) the service of one kind of tissue, as Motor; but most of them are the concerted actions of many tissues.
    Think of the Primary Functions as products (and in some cases the service is in material form) necessary for exchange in the Law of Demand and Supply.  The conveyor of the material service is the Serous Circulation.
    The reports to Innate over the afferent half of the Normal Complete Cycle, is not divided into nine classes to correspond to the Nine Functions but are considered as one class, just as though all the nine afferent reports were gathered into one bundle for them all.  This afferent side of the Nine Functions is called by Dr. Palmer, “The Wife.” (See Fig. 27)  This is, (See Art. 241) after all, General Sense which has been described before.  It suffers no interference with transmission and therefore the sensation obtained by Innate is always correct.  The student is cautioned not to confuse General Sense with Sensory Function, one of the Nine Primary Functions, for Sensory Function, as one of the Nine is itself reported on by The Wife.

Art. 245.    The Law Of Demand And Supply. (Prin. 33.)
    When the tissue cell needs something, either material or immaterial, this need is equivalent to a variation of forces locally.  The energy waves of this variation is picked up by the sensitive tentacles of the afferent nerve.  It is then known as Impressions of Vibrations, which it really is.  The behavior of the afferent nerve cell (adaptability of nerve tissue cell responding to forces) informs Innate of the condition at the tissue cell, (sensation).  Innate, cognizant of the needs of the tissue cell, issues demands to the cells which she knows can deliver the supply.  If the cell needs materials, they are later delivered through the Serous Circulation.  If the cell needs forces, Innate assembles them and sends them direct.  The supply of forces reaches the tissue cell immediately and is used to balance the obstreperous universal forces, which made the demand necessary.  It takes longer to ship the material supplies which the cell needs.  If the (supply houses) cells cannot furnish the materials there will of course, “be a famine somewhere.”  This is incoordination. (Prin. 23)

Art. 246.    Normal Function.
    Normal Function is the perfect cooperative service which an organ gives to the body.
    It is accomplished by perfect adaptative variations according to the Law of Demand and Supply.
    It is dependent upon perfect transmission and perfect condition.
    An organ may act and does act under “stimuli” but stimuli are not mental impulses and the action they cause is not function, for function is cooperation.  While perfection is hard to obtain, yet perfect normality is no less than that standard, and it is that ideal which we desire everything to approach.  No function can be normal if it never varies, for circumstances and demands vary.  Hence, normal function is never constant but shows that adaptation is the Law of Variation (See Fig. 10).  Function, in order to be normal, must always meet the ever changing demands of bodily requirements.  The demands of bodily requirements cannot be met by any organ if it fails to receive the “urge” and failing this Innate Control, the never ceasing vibration of its parts, (for it will vibrate) (Prin. 1, 14) will drive it to action not pleasing to Innate.  Besides this, the organ must have perfect structure (Condition) in order to obey a mental impulse.  By lack of perfect structure Innate may be hindered. (Prin. 5, 24)

Art. 247.    Motor Function. (Primary Function)
    Motor Function is the production of mechanical motion as a coordinative service to the body as a whole or for any of its parts.
    All living cells have motion.  This is not Primary Function necessarily but their individualistic motion.  Motor Function is the action of definite cells especially constructed for the production of mechanical motion.  The most common tissue used by Innate for Motor Function is muscle tissue.  Other tissues which have Motor Function are: ciliated epithelium, erectile tissue, etc.  The body and parts of the body require mechanical movement from one place to another.  This is accomplished by organs made of muscle tissue.  Each muscle cell like other cells, has a protoplasm that is constantly moving.  By coordinated control whole phalanxes of such cells are compelled to shift their protoplasm at the same time and a sum total of movement is obtained in the same direction.  No other example of coordinated movement is better than this one.  All the cells of a muscle pull together at the same time and relax at the same time; or oppose each other at the right moment.  The cell being an elongated string-like cell, has the power to shift its protoplasm to make it longer; and again shift it to make its length shorter.  Having natural elasticity, and alertness of protoplasm (tonicity) it is capable of using the heat and chemical agencies of universal energies.  It has its individualistic movements as its signs of life.  But any part of a very highly organized unit, like the body cannot be entirely individualistic for it must “fulfill its office” and entirely independent movements would be out of order.  It is easy to see why there must be management or functional control from the Center to make all parts work together.

Art. 248.    Calorific Function. (Primary Function)
    Calorific Function is the production of heat for maintenance of normal bodily temperature.
    The production of heat, for use in the body, is a coordinative service to the body.
    All active cells produce heat as a by-product of their actions but that is not, necessarily, Primary Function, and a great deal of the time it is necessary to dispose of by-product heat by thermolysis.  The tissues most concerned in the production of heat, as direct Calorific Function, are glandular; especially the liver, which not only acts as the “furnace room” of the body, but stores its fuel to be doled out to the rest of the body for local oxidation.  However, any other tissues used by Innate to produce heat for bodily use, whether momentarily or constantly, locally or generally, may be said to assist in Calorific Function.

Art. 249.    Thermogenesis.
    Thermogenesis is the generation of heat, whether considered as Primary Function or not.
    It may be the production of heat by Calorific organs or the production of heat as a by-product.
    If made by calorific organs coordinately, it is Calorific Function.  If by-product heat is saved and made use of by Innate coordinately, it then is also classed as Calorific Function.  A good example of the latter is shown by the following: a person who is out in very cold weather, upon becoming chilled because the loss of body heat is great and the calorific organs are not able to keep the supply up, has an Innate desire to exercise.  He stamps his feet, runs, or otherwise uses his muscles, thereby deputizing the muscles as calorific organs, to warm up the body by oxidizing carbons.

Art. 250.    Sensory Function. (Primary Function)
    Sensory Function is the service which certain cells and organs give to the body, by reporting environmental conditions and in some cases information concerning the actions of other cells of the body. (See Fig. 27)
    This function is a protective service for the whole body; it is the Innate method of obtaining information of possible dangers or benefits existing in “the external.”
    It also, as muscular sense, is the fundamental of skill, art, dexterity and the like; and in other instances we are able to know educationally about involuntary functions going on in the body.
    Sensory Function is the action of definite tissue cells, namely, nerve tissue. (See Art. 242, 244.)
    Since Sensory Function is a conscious function, the educated brain may be said to have Sensory Function.  All cells have general Sense; the ability to report to Innate concerning themselves, and things which concern them.  The special sense organs, which are tissue cells themselves, must also report to Innate concerning themselves.  The report to Innate concerning the condition of cells engaged in Sensory Function, is General Sense (See Fig. 27.)  If a cell’s ability (nerve tissue of course) to send impressions to Innate becomes so specialized that it takes it out of the general class, that cell may be said to have Sensory Function and to be a Special Sense Organ. (See Special Sense Cycle Art. 109, and Fig. 12)

Art. 251.    Secretory Function (Primary Function)
    Secretory Function is the coordinative action of certain cells with appropriate structure to produce chemical combinations for various uses in the body.
    All cells secrete substances as the Serous Circulation passes through them, but this is not necessarily Primary Function, it merely being the action of the cells in excreting their own waste materials, as a sign of life.  Secretory Function, as a Primary Function, concerns the making of those materials which are to be used in and for the body.  Of course this is an arbitrary classification, but that is the way we classified Primary Function in the beginning. (Art. 243)  If Innate uses the excretory matter of some cells as nutriment for others in the body, then that material is called secretion.  This material is a poison to the cell which excretes it, if retained in it or near it, but may be very good material for assimilation some other place in the body.  Thus, the secretion of the thyroid gland is a necessary secretion for metabolism of the body but the thyroid secretion is excretory material to the gland which made it.  The secretion itself is the product of Secretory Function, a material product, but the act of producing it coordinately is a service to the body and therefore is a Primary Function.
    The kinds of tissue most concerned in this function are glandular epithelium, lymphoid and the like.  The secreting glands for Primary Function are: the liver, spleen, pancreas, thyroid gland, lymphatic glands, etc.  Other tissues and structures, as part of secreting glands, may be said to assist in Secretory Function.

Art. 252.     Elimination.
    Elimination is the selective process of Innate Intelligence, expressed through tissue cells, which separates the usable materials from waste matters or toxins, or vice versa.
    Elimination is performed in every cell. (See Signs of Life, Arts. 64, 65, 66)  When the body is considered as the unit organism, elimination is performed by Innate through certain organs for that purpose; as, spleen, liver and kidneys.  We make a differentiation between Elimination and Excretion in the body.  Elimination in the picking out of the desirable or the undesirable, which is the process of selection.  Selection requires judgment on every item; and judgment is the prerogative of intelligence.

Art. 253.    Excretory Function. (Primary Function)
    Excretory Function is the coordinative action of certain cells, with appropriate structure, in ejecting from the body certain waste matters, poisons and heat.
    All cells excrete eliminated materials from their own bodies, but the excretion from the whole body is the coordinative service rendered by excretory organs.  The thing eliminated may be either material, as urine; or something not matter as, heat.  The tissues which assist excretory organs constantly or are deputized at times, may be said to assist in excretory function. (Example, the muscle of the stomach in vomiting.)

Art. 254.    Thermolysis.
    Thermolysis is the action of excretory organs in the dissipation of unnecessary heat.
    The surplus heat is usually the by-product of functioning or an adaptative condition.  When it is abnormal, it causes the body to be too cold or too hot.  Thermolysis is just as important as thermogenesis in keeping the temperature of the body normally constant, i.e. ninety-eight and six-tenths degrees.  Heat dissipation is accomplished by conduction, radiation, and convection.  The skin is most active in this form of excretion, though much of the surplus heat is carried away with excreta from the lungs, kidneys and bowels.  The creation, circulation and excretion of heat is just as important in bodily metabolism as any other cycle of the body. (See Art. 105)

Art. 255.    Nutritive Function. (Primary Function)
    Nutritive Function is the action of certain cells in preparing nutriment for assimilation in the body.
    All cells have assimilation but that is not Nutritive Function as a primary act; it pertains to the private affairs of the cell, while Primary Function is service for the body as a unit, by the cell as a functioning unit.  All cells secrete as individual cells (see Serous Circulation) as a process of excretion but that is not Nutritive Function, considered as a Primary Function in the body.  There are many physiological processes concerned in Nutritive Function.  Digestion, a process of mechanical and chemical breaking down of food materials into simple compounds, which are thus rendered soluble, easily transportable by the blood and serum, and easily available by the cells in assimilation.  Secretion also plays an important part in Nutritive Function; hence it is seen that Secretory Function and Nutritive Function are dependent upon each other.  The cells most concerned in Nutritive Function are glandular but when the structure of the digestive organs is considered, it can be seen that many other tissues are engaged in this important service to the body.

Art. 256.    Reparatory Function. (Primary Function)
    Reparatory Function is the action of certain cells with appropriate structure in providing cells to repair tissues which have been injured, those pathological, or to supply normal anabolism and catabolism.
    It is also the process of repletion. (Art. 140)
    All cells have the ability to repair themselves, but that is not directly Primary Function in the body.  It applies more nearly to the fundamentals of repletion and in that sense the private actions of tissue cells are indirectly concerned with Primary Function.
    Reparatory Function is very dependent upon Expansive Function, for in order to obtain new cells for Reparation, cells must be expanded in the developmental or expansional centers.  Reparatory Function is a very arbitrary grouping of several functions and physiological processes.
    Reparatory Function is the name of a coordinative service that relates to specific disposal of certain expansional and nutritive products.

Art. 257.    Expansive Function. (Primary Function)
    Expansive Function is the action of cells with appropriate structure for reproducing new cells of their own kind to be used in growth or reparation.
    It is the coordinative service of certain cells, appointed by Innate for that purpose, in expanding new cells for growth and reparation.
    All cells expand to maturity but only in the sense that this serves the whole body, can these private actions of tissue cells be construed as Primary Function.  The tissue cells which are concerned in true Expansive Function are the developmental centers all over the body which represent the “scattering” of the blastoderm, (see Arts. 70 to 78, incl.) the origin of all embryonic centers.  In the study of physiology, these expansional centers can easily be found and the connection between Physiology and Philosophy made clear.  The expansional centers are of all kinds of tissue, since all kinds of tissue are necessary in growth and reparation.  But all tissue cells are not allowed by Innate to reproduce themselves, for that would not be coordinative.  In such a case there would be no control of the amount, shape and extent of the body.  On the other hand we know that there is a very decided plan for the body in both growth and maintenance, and in order to manage the signs of life of the individual cells, Innate must be ever vigilant to have new cells when she wants them and at no other time; and where she wants them and at no other place; and the number that she wants – no more or less.
    The analogy of the bee hive may be used here to advantage.  Let the hive of bees represent the cells of an organization and the queen bee the expansive center or developmental center.  The queen bee is the only reproducing unit of the hive, (with the exception of the male bee of course).  The queen bee is allowed by the laws of nature to reproduce, while hundreds of worker bees (the females) and the drones (the males) are not.  If all of them reproduced there would be no close organization which enables the bees to have strong and efficient colonies.  If any one will take the trouble to study these interesting insects a little, he will see that they have very close organization; very centralized. (Art. 70)

Art. 258.    Reproductive Function. (Primary Function)
    Reproductive Function is the action of certain cells in secreting germs for the propagation of the race.
    The tissues most concerned in Reproductive Function are glandular.  Expansive Function refers to reproduction of cells as units; Reproductive Function refers to the reproduction of the whole body; to the secreting of its germ.  From this germ, which contains cell possibilities of the future body, the housing of the new life is developed.  The blastoderm, the union of the spermatozoon and ovum, contains the cell possibilities for all the tissues of the body during its life time; and the blastoderm, originally a cell of double chromoplasm, develops cells with double chromoplasms, and in this manner two races are propagated, namely, the male and female.  The germs that arise in the blastoderm by cell division, become germinating centers all over the body, to expand new cells for growth and reparation.  A certain division of these becomes the parenchyma of the reproductive organs, for the purpose of secreting new germs, which will carry within them the possibilities of all four primary tissues.

Art. 259.    Incoordination.
    Incoordination is the lack of harmony in the actions of the parts of the body, due to lack of Innate control.
    It is the condition of unbalanced service; or rather the unbalanced actions of tissue cells, which then fails to be service.  The actions of tissue cells are not coordinative service unless they act in obedience to the Law of Demand and Supply. (Prin. 33)  Incoordination is called dis-ease because tissue cells will become unsound when they are neglected of caretaking by the organization.

Art. 260.    Lack Of Adaptation.
    Lack of adaptation is the failure of the management of universal forces in the tissue cell, by Innate Intelligence.
    The cause of this is interference with the transmission of mental impulses; interference with Innate control, which mental impulses represent.  The purpose of mental impulses is Innate balance or control of universal forces, which are always in the tissue cell. (Prin. 1, 14, 16.)  Lack of control allows universal forces to act more according to the unadapted laws of physics and chemistry; very much as they do outside of the body.  The actions of unadapted universal forces are not cooperative and therefore are not function.  It should be remembered that it is not necessary to have total lack of adaptation to produce some incoordination.  Any deviation from the perfect, in adaptation, means a proportional deviation from the perfect in function.

Art. 261.    Abnormal Primary Function.
    Abnormal Function is the arbitrary term used to indicate the production of more or less action of a given kind, than Innate desires for coordination, in any part of the body.
    Since Primary Functions are coordinative, the existence of abnormal functions is ascertained by comparison with other functions, and the comparison is made regardless of whether the others are normal or abnormal, for any function is abnormal if it does not vary at an adaptative rate.  The action of any organ is not normal if it fails to accommodate itself to the actions of the others, whether the others are doing right or not. (See Fig. 10)
    Abnormal function, which really is not function at all (wholly or in part) is of course due to a lack of adaptation, which is in turn due to interference with transmission, which is caused by a subluxation in the spinal column. (Prin. 31)  When the interference is directly on the Efferent Nerve, it causes the organ in question to function abnormally; it is suffering direct effects and is named Local.  When the interference is on the Efferent Nerve supplying an organ, whose business it is to keep the Serous Circulation in order, the tissue in question is said to be suffering indirect effects and this condition is named Condition.  A tissue is not apt to suffer from an abnormal serous circulation when it is normal, being quite able to defend itself. (See Resistance, Arts. 130 and 131)  Therefore we find that a Major Condition is the result of both Local and Condition. (See Fig. 18)
    As General Sense is the report to Innate from every tissue cell concerning its function and metabolism, so General Sense, also, gives a report to Innate Intelligence concerning any abnormality of tissues.  It shows to Innate, in Sensation and Ideation, the exact proportions of normality and abnormality.  This is called Equivalent Sensation and gives Equivalent Ideation.  It was derived from Equivalent Impressions from Equivalent Vibrations of an abnormal tissue cell. (See Abnormal Cycles in Sophomore Text)

Art. 262.    Minus Function. (Lack of Function)
    Minus Function is the arbitrary term used to indicate the production of less action of a given kind than Innate desires for coordination in any part of the body. (See Art. 261.)
    There is in this case, probably, some action of the kind in question but it is not sufficient for Innate’s needs.  This lack need not be very much, in order to produce incoordination.  On the other hand, it may be totally lacking and then it is indeed, Lack of Function, or Minus Function as it is called.  This does not mean, necessarily, that the tissue is dead, for other functions may not be deficient there.  Death is the total absence of all functions, and not the total absence of one function.  The term Minus Function or Lack of Function happens to be literal for there is actual lack of service, hence lack of function.

Art. 263.    Excess Function.
    Excess Function is the arbitrary term used to indicate the production of more action of a given kind than Innate desires for coordination in any part of the body. (See Art. 261)
    The name Excess Function is employed for something which is not function because it is abnormal action which resembles a Primary Function, just the same as a cell in a tumor can and does resemble a useful cell in the body.  Excess Function resembles function, therefore is called function; but since it is not coordinative service in the body it is not really function.  The excess action need be very little to produce incoordination – ever so little is a deviation from the perfect.  A tissue cell is always in motion and it also has motion from the universal forces within it. (Prin. 1,14,16)  Innate cannot prevent this motion but she can control it, if she has no interference. (Prin. 23, 24, 26, 29)  In Excess Function, the action of universal forces in the cell is making it produce what otherwise would be service, if there were not so much of it.  It is action, but any action which is in excess of Innate’s requirements, cannot be function.  Sometimes normal adaptative conditions resemble excess function; as, ankylosis.
    Sometimes normal adaptation resembles excess function; as, fast breathing when in violent exercise.
    Excess Function is never the result of excess mental impulses; there is no such thing as excess mental impulses.

Art. 264.    Paralysis.
    Paralysis is the condition of any part of the body which is suffering incoordination.
    Paralysis is any dis-ease of any degree.
    Paralysis is any degree between life and death and is neither.
    Paralysis may be the slight abnormality of one function, either in excess or lack; or it may be a great degree of the foregoing.  But the student is advised to use the simpler way and think of Paralysis as:
    Any degree of deviation from the normal of General Function is Paralysis, for Paralysis is a term of generality which naturally goes in the same class as General Function, General Sense and the like.

Art. 265.    Life And Death.
    Life is one hundred per cent function; perfect coordination; absolute adaptation.
    Death is zero per cent function; absence of coordination; total lack of adaptation, which brings the matter of the body under the sway of universal forces, the same as any other “dust.”
    A comparison:

        100% function is Life.
        100% minus any degree is Paralysis.
        0% its Death.

Art. 266.    Degrees Of Paralysis.
    Any degree of deviation from the normal is paralysis.
    The amount of Innate’s expression is normally, an ever varying amount; a fixed quantity would be abnormal but since Innate’s function is perfect (Prin. 27) it must be the function of matter which is imperfect, when imperfection is present. (Prin. 5, 24, 29)
    A fixed quantity of function of matter would also be abnormal, (see Fig. 10) and the normal would be an ever varying quantity.
    The normal function of matter in the body is likewise an ever varying quantity, and a fixed or constant rate would average either more or less than Innate requires for coordination, therefore would be abnormal.  This average amount of excess or minus could be one degree or many and the cause is always the same for one degree or many, namely, the interference with transmission.  Therefore the adjustment of subluxations is in about the same place in the spine (according to the Old Generic Table) for all kindred dis-eases (see Families) whether they be of one degree or many.
    In the case of Minus Function, let us assume that health is zero degree of abnormality; then the degree of abnormality can be numbered as far as Death, which is one hundred degrees.  Then any amount less of abnormality would, in degrees, be from one to ninety-nine, inclusive.  In case of Excess Function, let us assume that Health is zero degree abnormality and we can number the degrees as far as Destruction, which would be Death, and that number would of course be one hundred.  Then any Excess Function less than Destruction or Death would, in degrees, be from one to ninety-nine, inclusive.  Any dis-ease could have this range of severity; its Minus Functions and its Excess Functions involved, be any where between zero degree and one hundred degrees and the adjustment for it in any case would be the same.  The physician, on the other hand, takes into consideration all these degrees of severity, dividing them still further into fractions of degrees till he has over twenty-five thousand things to name, each of them with certain treatment.  We think Chiropractic much simpler.

Art. 267.    Paralysis.  Chiropractic And Medical Definitions Compared.
    Medical Definition: “Abolition or great diminution of the voluntary or involuntary motor functions and sometimes of sensation in one or more parts of the body.  Immediate cause is generally pressure, either by blood effused or by serum or vascular turgescence.  It generally admits of palliation and is extremely apt to recur.”
    Quotation from Dr. Palmer (Page 327, Vol. V)
    “We have been taught by medical and osteopathic work that paralysis is distinctly that phase of abnormal phenomena wherein muscles (voluntary and involuntary) are unable to move.  I make a different interpretation carrying the idea that every function is the expression of an Innate Intelligence which personifies the intelligence behind it, and the lack of that energetic intellectuality is what makes paralysis.”

Art. 268.    Compensatory Function And Compensatory Conditions.
    Compensatory Function is the extra work thrown upon a Normal organ (and perhaps an abnormal organ) to compensate for that which an abnormal organ fails to do.
    Its symbol is I. A. meaning Intellectual Adaptation.
    This produces “adaptative symptoms” of a case; and seventy-five per cent of the symptoms are of that nature.
    It sometimes resembles Excess Function but absolutely is not.
    Prolonged Compensation results in Compensatory conditions which resemble pathology, and which in time may become real pathology. (See Art. 144)
    When an organ fails, because of interference with transmission, to do its work, Innate causes other organs, when that is possible, to do extra work in addition to their own, to make up for the loss.  This gives rise to symptoms that are often symptoms of dis-ease, or at any rate that is what they are called, but it would be a mistake, if they are adaptative, to tamper with the organ producing them, for that organ is only doing its duty.  If the organ called upon to do the extra work is abnormal, or if the functional nerves leading to it are not in perfect order, a complication arises and a new interference appears. (See Transmission, in Senior Text)  When the dis-ease becomes chronic, Innate may find it necessary to make a change in tissues; as, exostosis, ankylosis, and enlarged lung, etc.  This appears as pathology, but the tissue in them is normal, and remains so, unless the organ called upon is abnormal itself.  In this case the change in tissue is apt to be not just what Innate wants, and therefore really pathological.

Art. 284.    The Nine Primary Functions And The Nine Primary Families, With The Most Common Species.

        O.  General Function, Paralysis,                     O+, O-, M+, M-, C+, C-, S+, S-,
                                                                                     T+, T-, E+, E-, N+, N-, R+, R-,
                                                                                     X+, X-, Y+, Y-; also combinations
        M.  Motor, Motor Paralysis,                           M+, M-.
        C.  Calorific, Prolapsis,                                     M-, T-, C+.
        S.  Sensory, Contractures,                               M+, T+, C-, E-.
        T.  Secretory, Spasms,                                     M+ and M-.
        E.  Excretory, Fever,                                          C+, C-, E+, E-.
        N.  Nutritive, Poison,                                        E+, E-, T+, T-, N+, N-, Y+, Y-.
        R.  Reparative, Anemia,                                   N-, T-, R-.
        X.  Expansive. Tumor,                                      X+, R+, T+, E-.
        Y.  Reproductive, Degeneration,                    N-C+R-, and sometimes E-is added.

    The list of species after each Family can be increased, going from the direct to least direct until all eighteen species are in each Family.  That brings each Family “home” to Paralysis and all the Functions involved, (which are all of them) “home” to General Function.  Thus it is seen that all the Functions are General Function (service) and all dis-eases are Paralysis (lack of service).  Nevertheless, in order to pin a disorder down specifically, to find its specific cause, it is necessary to have specific classification.

Art. 285.    Paralysis Families.
    Paralysis is any dis-ease; any incoordination; and any subdivision or classification of the same.
    All the Primary Families are forms of Paralysis, and so are all the Species.
    The tissue involved may be any tissue, or practically all the tissues.
    The species of Paralysis are O+ and O-, and all the others including the combinations, such as, (C+E-) or (N-C+R-).  A single specie, as C+, is said to be “squarely within” a family, as, the Fever Family; while (C+E-), a hybrid specie, being a combination of two families, is said to be in the Fever-Poison Family.

Art. 286.    Motor Paralysis Family.
    A form of paralysis in which motor control is abnormal, via relational nerves.
    Some species of Motor Paralysis:
    M+, due to abnormal motor control, in which voluntary and involuntary muscles are unable to function; as, spastic paralysis.  Direct effect.
    M-, due to abnormal motor control, in which voluntary and involuntary muscles are unable to function; as, flaccid paralysis.  Direct effect.
    M+, due to T+, excess tonicity, as in contractures.  Indirect.
    M-, due to T-, lack of tonicity, as in prolapses.  Indirect.
    M+, due to C-, coldness producing contractures.  Indirect.
    M-, due to C+, relaxation produced by too much heat.  Indirect.
    M+, due to E-, coldness resulting from toxins, producing contractures.  Indirect.
    Other abnormal functions may be concerned indirectly.  All of these species of course are the abnormal functioning of motor tissues.

Art. 287.    Sensory Paralysis.
    A form of paralysis in which there is incoordination of the special sense organs.
    This does not pertain to General Sense, which is never abnormal.
    Some species:
    S+, direct, as in hyperesthesia.
    S-, direct, as in anesthesia.
    S+, and S-, due to many indirect species, as E+, E-, T+, T-, N+, N-, in which the sensory organs are poisoned by an imperfect Serous Circulation. (See Fig. 18 and 27)
    S+, due to inflammation, C+.
    S-, due to introduced poisons.

Art. 288.    Contracture Family.
    A form of paralysis in which there is excess contractility in tissues, with special reference to motor tissues.
    Some species:
    M+, direct, in motor tissue (muscle) due to abnormal motor control.  In which the motor tissue is too often in the contracted state; or remains contracted when it should relax; or contracts in unexpected ways and at unexpected times as in Voluntary Muscular Incoordination.  In this incoordination the patient sometimes appears mentally deficient but most certainly is not, but has an extraordinary developed will power to manage muscle which will not pull coordinately.
    M+, indirect, in motor tissue, due to T+, in which there is too much tonicity, because of excess adrenaline.
    M+, indirect, in motor tissue, due to E-, coldness from toxins.
    M+, indirect, due to C-, general or local coldness.
    O+, direct excessive contractility in any tissue.

Art. 289.    Prolapsis Family.
    A form of paralysis in which there is lack of Connective Function in any tissue.
    Some species:
    O-, direct, lack of Connective Function in any tissue.
    M-, direct, lack of contractility in muscle tissue, as in flaccid paralysis.
    M-, indirect, due to T-, lack of tonicity in motor tissue, as in some kinds of hernia.
    O-, indirect, due to T-, lack of Connective Function in connective tissue; ex., weak ligaments in prolapsed uterus.
    Other species may be involved indirectly.

Art. 290.    Spasms Family.
    A form of paralysis in which there is lack of functional or relational control; with special reference to muscles.
    Some species:
    M+ and M-, direct, due to abnormal motor control, in which muscles are unable to coordinate, producing sudden or extreme contractures with alternate relaxations; or simultaneous contracture in the members of paired muscles.
    M+ and M-, indirect, due to C- or E-, resulting in coldness which causes muscle to contract spasmodically.  Thermogenesis is due mostly to oxidation of carbon.  In some kinds of toxins, as when there is cyanosis, there are not materials in the blood or serum to produce heat.

Art. 291.    Fever Family.
    A form of paralysis in which there is lack of proper thermogenesis or thermolysis or both.
    C+, direct, in calorific organs, as in febrile dis-eases. (Art. 193)
    C+, direct locally, as in inflammation.
    C-, direct, in calorific organs, as in chills, or chronic coldness.
    C-, direct, locally, as in a cold hand or foot, etc.
    C+, indirect, due to E-, as in febrile dis-eases. (Art. 193)
    Other species may be involved, as N+, N-, T+ T-, etc.

Art. 292.    Poison Family.
    A form of paralysis in which there is lack of proper elimination, secretion or both.
    E-, as in febrile dis-eases. (Art. 193)
    E+, as in Dry Man. (Art. 160)
    E-, as in Wet Man. (Art. 159)
    T+, E-, or Y+, as in epilepsy. (Art. 192)
    N+, as in Seredema. (Art. 161)
    E-, as in Uredema. (Art. 162)
    Other species that produce poisons in the body, or introduce them into the body may be said to be species of this family.

Art. 293.    Anemia Family.
    A form of paralysis in which there is abnormal nutrition, reparation, or lack of repletion.
    Some species:
    N-, due to lack of nutrition, as in emaciation.  Either because food has not been supplied to the body or because it has not been prepared for assimilation properly by digestion and secretion.
    N-, or T-, as in acromegaly.  In which cells do not have the proper food for assimilation, either because they are lacking in food supply or because they are not supplied by secretory organs, or prepared by secretory organs.
    R-, direct, as in a withered limb.  Cells are depleted from direct or indirect subluxations.  Also the said organ, as a muscle, may be depleted from lack of use and until brought to normal by normal exercise, (Art. 176) is anemic.
    N-, as in atrophy, direct, depletion because of lack of metabolistic mental impulses.

Art. 294.    Tumor Family.
    A form of paralysis in which there is a growth of cells not physiologically used by Innate; cells not required in the body for coordination.
    X+, as in osteoma.
    R+, as in goitre.
    N+, as in fatty tumors. (See Seredema, Art. 161)
    T+, as in cystic tumors.
    E-, as in wens, etc.
    Chiropractically, one cell too many is a tumor.  But where there is one, there are apt to be more, and these generally are encysted.  Real tumors are due to hyperactivity of expansional centers, hence X+ or R+.  It represents lack of control of the birth of cells, consequently new cells are made not according to Innate’s plan. (See Arts. 69 to 78)  Then such cells are present in the body, using the good serum that is intended for the other cells - in fact, drones.  Since they have no coordinate connection they are functionless.  If Innate has a chance, she will “kick them out,” but is prevented by subluxations which caused them in the first place.  Therefore Innate does the next best thing, and that is, to “fence them off,” segregate them from the useful parts of the body, over which she does have full control.  As long as these cells can “steal” nutrition and other benefits of “good society,” they thrive as benign tumors; but if they should be subjected to the hardships of N-, C+, and R-, then they become malignant tumors.  If with the constant degeneration of the tumor cells, new cells of the same kind are constantly being made to die and decay, then it is what is called a cancer.

Art. 295.    Degeneration Family.
    A form of paralysis in which there is decomposition of tissue; decay.
    Its only specie is (N-C+R-) to which E- is sometimes added.
    The term is not used exactly as it is in the dictionary or in medical books but is used in a specific sense, meaning decay or decomposition.  N-, the tissue cell dies (actually) from lack of nutrition; C+, the cell decomposes because of the heat; R-, it is not removed promptly if at all.  Owing to interference with transmission, the only attention that Innate can give to this condition is by means of her little soldiers, the leucocytes and lymphocytes, who die bravely in combating the impurities of the necrosis, and their dead bodies form pus.  The cells of tumors may be subject to the same process and in that case are called malignant tumors.  Such a dis-ease as Degeneration, as well as Anemia, etc., is likely due to impingement on metabolistic (vegetative) nerves.

Art. 296.    Analysis.
    Chiropractic Analysis is the process of finding which subluxation or subluxations to adjust, according to Major Methods.
    The classification of effects with the view of finding the cause.
    Or finding the cause without the formality of classification of effects.
    Methods: the art of using palpation, nerve tracing, taut and tender fibers, spinograph, meric system, equations, and the Neurocalometer.
    Since the use of the N.C.M. has an art and a technic all its own, and is taken care of by another department, we will have to leave this very direct method, and explain the older roundabout method, which Chiropractic has used for many years.

Art. 303.    RULES OF MAJOR METHODS. (Page 50, Majors and Minors)

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