Art. 38.    THE CYCLES GRAPHICALLY REPRESENTED.

Art. 39.    THE NORMAL COMPLETE CYCLE GRAPHICALLY REPRESENTED.

Art. 40.    Units.
    The study of the cycle is by units of force and matter.
    The unit of force is the forun.  The unit of matter is the tissue cell or brain cell or both.  The smallest unit considered in function is the tissue cell.  All the steps of the cycle are the names of units of force, processes, matter, and places.  As the C. G. S. system is the fundamental unit system in the study of physics and mechanics, so the forun, mental impulse, and tissue cell are fundamental units in Chiropractic.

Art. 41.    The Source.
    The Power that supplies the Universe with intelligence, force and matter – everything.
    Another name for Universal Intelligence.
    We are concerned with it here as the Source of all forces and matter, as an inexhaustible supply for Innate Intelligence to draw from. Innate is not limited in her supply of forces; the only thing which prevents her from accomplishing the infinite is the limited amount of matter in the body.

Art. 42.    The Subsource.
    The immediate Source of constructive forces for the collection of tissue cells in its care.
    Another name for Innate Intelligence.
    We are concerned with it here as an explanation of a part of the Universal Diagram.  It is called Subsource because, though it is a localized source for the body it is "sub" to Universal Intelligence; but to nothing else.  There is no cable of nerve tissue or any other substance between it and Universal Intelligence.  There is no need, for anything universal is everywhere.

Art.    43. Innate Brain.
    That part of the brain used by Innate, as an organ, in which to assemble mental impulses.
    It is supplied with mental impulses directly from Innate Intelligence, whose headquarters it is.
    It is a vital spot and cannot be dis-eased.
    Its existence is actual, but its location is theoretical.
    There is no transmission of mental impulses from Innate Intelligence to Innate brain.  There is no necessity, Innate being right here.  For this reason it always has 100% mental impulses.  This being true it has perfect function, perfect metabolism and never has incoordination.  It does not assimilate poisons from the serous stream.  It is of course subject to trauma, the same as any other tissue.  It must be supplied with nutriment and blood as any other tissue.  A virulent poison can penetrate it.  If it is injured by trauma; if it is subjected to anemia – lack of blood and nutriment; or is poisoned in spite of its resistance, then death ensues speedily, for it will not endure dis-ease or trauma.  It must be remembered that although Innate’s management is nothing short of miraculous, she is after all, limited in what she can do because of the limitations of matter.

Art. 44.    Educated Brain.
    That part of the brain used by Innate as an organ for reason, memory, education, and the so-called voluntary functions.
    The seat of Educated Mind.
    It is supplied with mental impulses over nerves, as any other tissue.
    It is liable to incoordination as any other tissue; it is not a vital spot.
    Its existence is actual but its location is theoretical.
    It is the chief organ of adaptation to environmental conditions.
    The Educated Brain is an organ used by Innate for certain purposes just as the liver and stomach are used for certain purposes.  We must not let the fact that it is brain tissue, and that it is located in the cranial cavity, confuse us.  We must never conceive of it as a Power which creates thoughts or as a thing that can govern the body.  It is merely a piece of flesh, just as helpless in this matter as a steak in the butcher’s window.  It is only the physicists who believe that by the clashing of its atoms, physically and chemically, thoughts are born of it.  Like many other organs of the body, the skin for example, it has multiple purposes.  It is used by Innate, by virtue of experience and training, stored when it, as an organ to so "tincture" impulses that they are consciously guided – called voluntary function.  Voluntary pertains to the will.  The Educated Brain is used by Innate to receive precepts concerning the environment of the body, obtained by her able scouts, the Five Senses.  The constant comparison of these precepts with former precepts and with each other, enables Innate to avoid actual or threatened dangers and to dispose of the body for its comfort and welfare.  It is used by Innate to store away precepts in a manner not well understood, but about which the psychologists have plausible theories.

Art. 45.    Innate Body.
    Innate Body is all the tissue cells supplied with mental impulses for metabolism and the so-called involuntary functions.
    The cells of Educated Body are to be considered as Innate Body so far as metabolism is concerned.
    It is supplied with mental impulses through nerves from Innate Brain by the Subsource.
    All the cells of the body are Innate Body.  The classification is according to function more than anatomically.  All tissues must have metabolism, even voluntary ones.  The tissues which have voluntary, also have involuntary functions, at the same time.

Art. 46.    Educated Body. (See Universal Diagram, Art. 38)
    Educated Body is all the tissue supplied with mental impulses from Innate Brain via the Educated Brain for the so-called voluntary functions.
    These same cells are Innate Body so far as metabolism and the so-called involuntary functions are concerned. (See Fig. 7)
    The classification is according to function; not an anatomical division.  It simply has reference to those tissues, muscle predominating, which can be operated at will; voluntary or conscious movement.  Educationally, we have no control over the involuntary movements that go in these tissues and while we may be conscious of some of them, we are absolutely unconscious of the metabolism that goes on in these tissues.  It would certainly be a pretty poor sort of metabolism if it depended on us to do is educationally.  We, as chiropractors, believe this to be the fallacy of medicine, and of dietitians who are attempting to usurp Innate’s business.
    Universal means everywhere – common to every locality.
    If anything is universal it is to be found everywhere you go; it is in every place, and no locality is without it.  In the abstract and perfect sense this would be absolute.  As universal, is commonly used, it is more limited.  For instance, we say that buttons are universally worn.  That does no mean that buttons are all over the universe, on the planets or in interstellar space, but that in most every civilized country we are apt to go, we should find buttons in use.
    The universe extends everywhere; it is infinite.  It has no limitations in space, distance or time; or any quality you might name.  This is true of both the material and the immaterial universe.  If you were to travel at any rate of speed you care to name, and any length of time you care to name, you could not get out of it.

Art. 47.    Infinite.
    Infinite means unlimited; no boundary; not defined.
    The material universe, as mentioned in the foregoing article, is infinite; it has no boundary.  The immaterial universe, meaning the intelligence which governs the universe, with all its matter, qualities, and abstractions, is likewise infinite.  Infinite is a descriptive term applied to Universal Intelligence, therefore.  (Prin. 1.)

Art. 48.    Finite.
    Finite means limited, or bounded.
    Finite is a term applied to Innate Intelligence, because it is a finite portion of Universal Intelligence taking care of a finite portion of matter.  Being finite in this sense, Innate capabilities are limited by matter. (Prin. 5 and 24.)

Art. 49.    The First Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Universal Intelligence.
    The Infinite Intelligence that is the Source of everything in the Universe.
    The Infinite Intelligence pervading all space and matter, which creates and governs all things, both material and immaterial.
     It occupies all space and distance.  It has existed always.  It is older, wiser, greater, stronger and better than anything in the Universe.  It created everything and must have been first and indefinitely superior in order to do it.  It must have been and is VERY intelligent.  Having these virtues it must have never made a mistake and therefore is always right.  Being always right is always good.  Being infinitely good is God. (See Webster for definition of God.)
    Being infinite, on one can define it, actually; one can get only a finite idea of it from the finite amount of manifestations we are able to perceive.  This intelligence is not limited, it is we who are limited in perception.  (Prin. 5, 18, and 24.)  It endows "living things" with localized Power (Innate Intelligence) as a higher manifestation of its forces.

Art. 50.    The Second Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Innate Intelligence.
    The localized or inborn intelligence of a "living thing."
    A finite portion of Universal Intelligence in a finite portion of matter, whose mission it is to keep the matter in active organization. (Prin. 21.)
    Individualized Universal Intelligence.
    A segment of Universal Intelligence which, though a part of it, is distinct from it. (Prin. 20.)
    While Innate Intelligence is a finite portion of Universal Intelligence, it represents the amount of attention that Universal Intelligence is giving to that amount of matter.  All matter is blessed with the caretaking of the Supreme Intelligence, and if this ceases for one moment, matter would cease to exist.  We do not know, or course, but it seems reasonable to believe, that the Creator’s solicitude did not end when things were created; that Universal Intelligence is continuously unfolding thoughts of which everything in the universe gets its share – that amount intended for it, no more, no less.  Organic things seem to be blessed with a greater amount of attention than inorganic things.  So much so that Universal Intelligence has endowed the living organisms with localized or a specialized branch of itself to attend to things that must have immediate and localized decisions, in order to keep the matter organized.
    Definition of organize: "To arrange or constitute in interdependent parts, each having a special function, act, office, or relation with respect to the whole." (Webster.)
    This definition throws an interesting light upon the subject, showing that if a number of interdependent parts are to have a cooperative relation with each other, they must be grouped about a central idea, a common need or governing principle.  This governing principle is Innate Intelligence.
    There are various grades of "living things."  Some are not much about the state of inorganic matter.  Yet these have 100% of intelligence, exactly proportionate to their state of organization.  They have all the specialized intelligence they need; all that Universal Intelligence intended they should have.  This localized is not a material thing to be measured in quarts or bushels; we speak of it in percentage, meaning that, much or little, the amount of intelligence of a "living thing" has is 100%, and that is its share.  Both the mouse and the elephant have 100% innates.  (Prin. 7, 14, 16, 22.)  That which each has is the amount required to make him what he is.
    While Innate is limited as to the amount of matter she controls, which is the amount of matter in the body, she is not limited as to the amount of forces at her command. (Prin. 9.)  She has the whole Universe to draw from.
    Observation of manifestations seems to indicate that some Innates are deficient and that some make mistakes.  A closer inspection will show that this is paradoxical.  If we are acquainted with the laws of physics and chemistry, it is easy to see, that after all, Innate has not, comparatively, very much to work with.  Without an infinity of matter she cannot be expected to have infinite expression.  One cannot do the same work with a toothpick that he can do with a crowbar.  (Prin. 24.)
    When Innate leaves the body, the matter in it is not destroyed but reverts to its inorganic state.  It may still be called organic matter, probably because it retains the form of organic matter, as wood does, but it is no longer actively organic – not "alive."  Most bodily tissues, with the exception of bond, decompose quickly, while wood or bond holds its form a long time after Innate leaves.  While the localized, specialized intelligence has left and is no longer concerned with these structures, Universal Intelligence is still interested in the molecules, though not in the structures, and still gives these molecules and atoms as much care as ever.  If it did not they would cease to exist at all. (Prin. 1 and 14.)
    This Innate Intelligence assembles matter, for her use, adapting it so it can be used, and making it into structures pleasing to herself, but according to a Universal plan.  While Universal Intelligence does not care particularly for these structures, Innate Intelligence gives them constant thought.  In order to build them and keep them in repair and to function as organizations, she assembles forces from an infinite supply.  Just as we educationally adapt steam, gravity, and electricity for our use and convenience, she adapts universal forces and matter for her use and convenience.  After constructing the body, she continues adapting material and forces to maintain it that way through life.  (Prin. 21, 23.)

Art. 51.    All Living Things Have Innates.
    Whenever molecules and atoms have been assembled into tissues, the tissues are called organic matter; and while actively organic, have a localized intelligence, called Innate Intelligence.
    Organic life extends through a wide range of development.  All of them have signs of life; (Prin. 18) but some of them are organisms of such low order that the signs of life are very latent and it is very difficult to distinguish these "living things" from inorganic structures.  In some organisms, some of the signs of life may be more latent than other signs of life in the same organism.  If they have any organization at all, that fact is sufficient proof that an Innate Intelligence is present. (See thin line circle in Fig. 6.)  High or low, through the whole gamut, man , animals, birds, fish, reptiles, insects, plants, or unicellular, they all have Innates.  The higher orders have more motion of the adaptive kind than the others, which enables them to live in a wider range of environment than the others not so fortunate.  Thus, we see according to Chiropractic tenets that life is studied generally and specifically; Universal Life and Organic Life, as contrasted phases.  Man gives to himself the highest rank, this rank being based upon his superior powers of adaptability.
    Since we, as chiropractors, are interested in getting the sick well, we are naturally more interested in the Innates of our own species of organisms.  From now on, when we speak of Innate Intelligence, we are referring to the human Innate Intelligence, unless otherwise stated.

Art. 52.    The Third Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Mental Realm.
    The plane of Innate’s activity.
    The immaterial realm.
    The occupation or business of Innate.
    "Of or pertaining to the mind." (Webster)
    Mental, is strictly abstract; it is the realm of thought.  Innate Intelligence, as a part of a Thinking Power, is a power which thinks.  Anything which exists was first conceived in thought.  The process of thinking is creation.  Every abstract fact, every plan, every structure, every act of every part of the body, or the body as a whole, is first created in the brain by Innate Intelligence.  This activity of intelligence is mind and is an important phase of life, not overlooked by Chiropractic.  The student is cautioned to remember that mind is not a power but the activity of power.

Art. 53.    Mind.
    The activity of Innate Intelligence in the brain as an organ.
    The introduction of thought into matter via the brain. (Prin. 3, 8, 10, 13.)
    Chiropractic maintains that Innate Intelligence is the Power which governs the body; is the ego itself.  You are your Innate Intelligence, your Innate Intelligence is you.  If you claim that you are master of your Innate, that is a mistaken assumption of values and is the same as Innate belittling herself.  Sure Innate would never do this; but when it appears that she does, it is a mis-expression. (Prin. 24, 30.)
    Mind is the term applied to what Innate Intelligence does when it is at work.
    Innate Mind and Educated Mind are terms used to indicate the kind of work being done.
    When Innate does not work there is no mind.
    Let us compare a musician to the Power; his instrument to the brain and music to mind.  When the musician plays on his instrument, as an organ of expression, there is music.  When the musician ceases playing there is no music expressed.
    In Chiropractic, the mind is considered a little differently than it is in psychology.  In psychology, one mind is considered in two divisions, namely, conscious and subconscious, with no definite division between them.  Psychology considers that this, the conscious mind, is the governing intellect and implies that while the subconscious mind may govern metabolism and the like, the conscious mind is the ego; is really the master.  We gather from the teachings of psychology, which is based upon a materialistic view, one can willfully govern his own destinies, even to the extent of healing.  Chiropractic does not use the terms, conscious mind and subconscious mind at all, for there is absolutely no application of these terms to anything Chiropractic.
    Chiropractic Philosophy is not a study of psychology any more than it is of chemistry or physics.  Chiropractic recognizes and honors all the findings of the psychologists as it does that of the physicists.  It makes use of these findings as it does those of the physicists and agrees with psychology as long as psychology is consistent with Chiropractic.  In other words, there is a Chiropractic psychology, which is the study of the mind. (See Senior Section)  All the psychology that is considered in Chiropractic, can be studied under the division called, Mental, the third step of the Normal Complete Cycle.

Art. 54.    Innate Mind.
    Innate Mind is the activity of Innate Intelligence in the Innate Brain as an organ.
    The product of this activity is Innate Thoughts, or Mental Force.
    The act or the business of assembling forces in Innate Brain.
    Even when "she" uses Educated Brain, she first uses Innate Brain. (See Universal Diagram Fig. 4.) (Prin. 23.)

Art. 55.    Educated Mind.
    Educated Mind is the activity of Innate Intelligence in the Educated Brain as an organ.
    The product of this activity is Educated Thoughts; such as, reasoning, will, memory, etc.
    Innate controls the functions of the "voluntary" organs via the Educated Brain. (See Universal Diagram, Fig. 4)
    Educated thoughts are mostly for adaptation to things external to the body.
    Educated thoughts are never outwardly expressed until Innate does it through Innate Brain; for instance, one may have a thought but be unable to express it vocally, if Innate is unable to operate the organs of speech, owing to interference with transmission of mental impulses.  In any case, we should not know how to operate the organs of speech even, though we can will them to act.  The Educated thoughts may be kept within the brain and as Chiropractic says, expressed there, but which psychologists say make a physiological change in the tissue of the brain.  We see no reason why we should not agree with this theory.

Art. 56.    The Fourth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Creation.
    The process of adapting Universal forces in the brain cell, so that they can be used for the maintenance and functioning of tissue cells. (Prin. 8, 23)
    The assembling of forces in Brain Cell by Innate Intelligence.
    Creation in the brain cell refers to the assembling of something already created, rather than the making of something out of nothing.  Creation means, cause to exist, but here it means to cause to exist in a certain way.  Of course there is the assembling of forces into kinds, and matter into structures, as the carpenter assembles building materials into structures and assembles forces in order to do it.  We call his buildings creations but not for a moment do we think that he created them out of nothing.  Innate is a creator, truly, but in the sense that she is a builder.  Innate cannot change or destroy any Universal Law or matter, (Prin. 24) but can play one force against the other, adapt, use, oppose, or augment the forces at her disposal, in order to accomplish her ends.  It is in this sense that we use the term creation in the Normal Complete Cycle.  Universally, Creation is the unfolding of ideas of Universal Intelligence.  Creation has not ceased, but the Supreme Intelligence is thinking about all creations constantly.  This solicitude we also call creation.  There are three classes of Universal creations; matter, acts, and facts.  It is easy enough to grasp the first; an act must first be conceived mentally, even a natural phenomenon; a fact, something very abstract, is a creation just as much as a stone is, and it is just as indestructible.  Two plus two equals four; an abstract fact.  No human agency can destroy it.  Therefore, it is plainly seen that in the Normal Complete Cycle, Chiropractic uses a specific meaning of creation rather than the general.  An examination of the following definitions from Webster will show that Chiropractic is justified in using a specific meaning.
    "Act of causing to exist, or fact of being brought in to existence by a divine power or its equivalent; esp., the act of bringing the universe or this world into existence."
    "Act of making, producing, fashioning, or bringing into existence, in general."
    "Act of constituting or investing with a new character, title, or the like." (Webster)

Art. 57.    The Fifth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Brain Cell.
    An organ used by Innate Intelligence for the assembling of forces.
    Place where thoughts are made; place where forces are assembled.
    The "clearing house" for coordination.
    As the brain is an organ, so is the brain cell – a smaller unit.
    The workshop of Innate Intelligence.
    Metabolistically, it is a tissue cell requiring mental impulses, blood and serum.
    A brain cell is a cell of nervous tissue – one of the four primary tissues.  It has many of the characteristics of other tissue cells, having a body and a nucleus.  Its widest difference from other cells is its branches.  It has many branches; in fact it has so many of them, that a drawing or a photograph of a brain cell looks like a map of the Amazon River.  The shorter body-branches are called dendrities and the single, long, threadlike branch, extremely long in proportion to the cell body, is called the axis-cylinder or axone or axon.
    The body of the cell is gray, and masses of cell bodies form the gray or cortical portions of the brain.  The branches are white, and bundles of them form the white or medullary portions of the brain.  The white fibers pass from cell to cell, from lobe to lobe, from hemisphere to hemisphere, from brain to brain and from them to the spinal cord.  They offer perfect intercommunication between all brain cells, and between brain cells and body cells.  The intercommunicating parts are the axons which are believed to be the most important part of the cells, and are so long in comparison with the cell body, that if you were to imagine a cell body to be the size of a base-ball, the axon would be the size of a string and quarter of a mile long.
    Very long axons pass from brain cells through the foramen magnum of the cranium.  There are so many of these, that they form a cylinder about the size of a lead pencil called the spinal cord.  Through this cord the axons pass to the spinal nerves, which branch and ramify to all parts of the body.
    The cells of the brain are very similar in construction to the nerve cells of the spinal cord, visceral system, and peripheral organs.  Nervous tissue is about the same whether in the brain or peripheral systems.  The nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord is called the central nervous system, anatomically.  The spinal nerves and visceral system is called the peripheral system, in Chiropractic.  Chiropractic is inclined to regard all nervous tissue outside the cranium as the peripheral system, even those portions of the cranial nerves which supply tissue cells with mental impulses.

Art. 58.    The Sixth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Transformation.
    Changing mental force to a specific unit.
    Changing force from the mental realm to the material realm.
    Making foruns usable in the tissue cell.
    Making a force out of a thought so that it can be physical enough to "get a grip" on matter.
    Changing thought to force so that it can be expressed in forms physical.
    Concentrating or collecting mental forces into specific forms so they will have a definite aim or purpose.
     One of the hardest processes of the Cycle to understand is Transformation.  Perhaps we can get a slight insight into it, by using an educated example of the same thing.  We all know that if you sit and stare at your pencil, wishing that it would get up and write, nothing will be done by the pencil; but if you WILL a definite set of thoughts concerning it, a multitude of definite actions in your tissues will occur and you will take up your pencil and write.  Thus, thought moved matter, actually; but not until a definite set of thoughts were made specific enough to accomplish that end.
    When Innate assembles universal forces in the brain cell they are in the form of thoughts.  In this non-specific state they are called foruns.  They are, as yet, thought; absolutely abstract, but the most powerful creations in nature, notwithstanding.  Being abstract, they have no connection with matter; no hold on it; in this "ghostly" state, cannot grip it.  Transformation is a process of so changing these foruns, that they become a form of energy which does affect matter; does have a grip on it.  It really becomes the link.  Any one who sees a magnet move a bit of steel, sees that there is force between the magnet and the steel though they may not touch.  There is no tangible connection between them, yet this invisible force moves the steel; the "lines of force" have a "grip" on matter.  They are intangible, yes, but they are by no means abstract, in the sense that hope or charity is.
    When foruns have been transformed they are units, called Mental Impulses.  The force is now outside the mental realm and in the material realm, in which they can be reckoned a form of energy and as such, be expressed in physical forms.

Art. 59.    The Seventh Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Mental Impulse.
    A unit of mental force for a specific tissue cell, for a specific occasion.
    A special message to a tissue cell for the present instant.
    It differs from a universal force, in that it is constructive and is for a particular moment and need of coordination, while universal forces are not constructive in particular, are for all moments generally, and are too general to be coordinative. (Prin. 10, 15)
    It is not fully understood what mental impulses are.  This is no reflection upon Chiropractic, for, engineers and electricians do not know what electricity is.  Yet they know its laws and manifestations and are so able to make practical application of this knowledge.
    Chiropractors know the manifestations of mental impulses.  They can make practical application of this knowledge, in getting the sick well.  Whatever the force is, they know that they have named a unit of it, Mental Impulse, with as much justification as the electricians have named a unit of electrical current, ampere.
    Each tissue cell requires specific impulses every moment.  Since there are millions of cells it takes millions of impulses for them every moment.  There are new ones for every adaptative change.  These impulses are only good for the moment for which they are created.  They cannot be stored up or dammed back; if this were possible the mental impulses would immediately become useless.

Art. 60.    The Eighth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Propulsion.
    The sending or the starting of the mental impulse.
    Dispatching the message to the right tissue cell.
    The effort which causes the mental impulse to go to the tissue cell.
    The term is derived from propel, "propel: to impel forward or onward by applied force." (Webster)  Let us use the theory, here, that mental force is a form of energy.  Forms of energy, as studied in physics show a decided expenditure of effort somewhere.  Either given off by these energies or by something else, in giving them origin.  Electric generators require the expenditure of many horsepower by their engines to propel the current.  Is it not then, consistent to assume that the departure of mental impulses from brain cell, is accompanied by some kind of effort?  Perhaps it is a physical movement of the cell; as, concentration.

Art. 61.    The Ninth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Efferent Nerve.
    The route of mental impulse from brain cell to tissue cell.
    The nerve from brain cell to tissue cell.
    The nerve-tissue cells in the brain have extremely long axons, extending to the tissue cells; or if an axon does not extend that far, it has connections of relay cells with their axons extending farther; one of these reaching the cell.  While anatomy does not show any visible connections between them, the doubtful joints being called synapses, both laboratory and clinical findings show that there are very definite connections.  In telephoning from Davenport to New York, on does not use one continuous wire with no breaks in continuity, but a relay of wires.  The connections between these different wires are very definite and the route of the message continuous.

Art. 62.    The Tenth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Transmission.
    The passage of the mental impulse from brain cell to tissue cell.
    The conveyance of the mental force. (Prin. 23, 27, 28)
    The function of the nervous system is to transmit mental force to and from the tissue cell; or rather from brain cell to tissue cell and back again.  The question often arises, why are nerves necessary, or why must Innate use them, "she being so infinitely wise?"  A like question about electricity would be just as pertinent.  Why does electricity prefer to travel through or over wires when it can travel in the radiant form?  Yet a metal wire will gather to itself radiant electricity and change it to dynamic or flowing form.  If this were not true, it would be impossible to have radio sets in our homes.
    So far as we know, mental force may be radiated; perhaps this is the explanation of telepathy.  Be that as it may, there are plenty of proofs that mental force prefers nerve tissue to travel through, and Innate adapts this natural law to her purposes, using nerve tissue to conduct mental impulses.  It being a material, it has the limitations of material – hence interference is possible. (Prin. 5, 24, 27)

Art. 63.    The Eleventh Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Tissue Cell.
    The smallest unit of tissue considered in function.
    That unit of tissue which, with one mental impulse, will perform one unit of function.
    A unit of organic matter.
    It may have many functions but that one for which it is built, and which it does coordinately or cooperatively for the benefit and welfare of other tissues of the body, is the function mentioned in this cycle.
    Tissue: "An aggregation of cells, fibers, and various cell products, forming a structural element." (Dorland)
    Cell: "Any one of the minute protoplasmic masses which make up organized tissue, consisting of a circumscribed mass of protoplasm containing a nucleus." (Dorland)
    In Chiropractic, we study the tissue cell physiologically and histologically as other sciences do.  We learn in these studies that a tissue cell is the smallest unit of "living" matter; that it is organic matter and that cellular organisms have "signs of life."
    Chiropractically, we consider the tissues that are actively organic.  That is to say, tissues that have been built by mental force, but from which the life force has departed, leaving only the inactive structures, are not of immediate interest of Chiropractic.  To put it plainer, Chiropractic is not much concerned with the laboratorical classification of "dead" matter, though they do not underestimate its value in certain lines.  Chiropractic is interested in the study of matter in the sense that it looks continually for the activity of intelligence in "live" matter.  It is for a scientific purpose, not industrial, as a means to get the sick well.

Art. 64.    The Signs Of Life.
    The signs of life are evidence of the intelligence of life.
    The signs of life are the evidences of the "powers" of intelligence.
    There are five principal signs of life.
    Definition of life: "The quality or character which distinguishes an animal or a plant from inorganic or from dead organic bodies and which is especially manifested by metabolism, growth, reproduction and internal powers of adaptation to environment; the property by which the organs of an animal or plant, or the organism as a whole, are conceived as maintained in the performance of their functions, or the state in which all or any of the organs of a plant or animal are capable of performing all or any of their functions." (Webster)
    There are other interesting definitions of life which it would be well to read in Webster’s International Dictionary, for purposes of comparison.  According to definitions of life as given in Webster (They are too long to quote here) life is the quality which distinguishes the matter of the vegetable and animal kingdoms from inorganic matter, or organic matter which is no longer living; "the property or capacity of adaptation to environment."  According to that, then, to the physicist the signs of life mean nothing more than, signs of life; but to the chiropractor, they are signs of the attention of a localized intelligence. (Prin. 18, 19, 20)
    With these Chiropractic principles in mind, let us examine the Five Signs of Life.  Named in order of importance they are: Assimilation, Excretion, Adaptability, Growth, and Reproduction.  The first two are very important and the "powers" of "living things" are very latent indeed, with out them.

Art. 65.    Assimilation.  1^st Sign Of Life.
    The power of assimilation is the ability of an organism to take into its body food materials selectively, and make them a part of itself according to a system or intelligent plan.
    Philosophically, we wish to call attention to the fact that any living thing, that is able to take food materials into its body, takes only that which it needs in its upbuilding or maintenance.  It will not take anything into its body that it cannot use in that process.  This indicates selective ability.  Selection requires local and repeated judgments; judgment requires intelligence, and local judgments require a local intelligence, that is, intelligence in the body.  Besides that, to be able to take food elements and form them into the parts of a structure, (An organism is a structure) takes more than a haphazard piling-up of materials.  It requires an intelligence able to plan the structure; and to build the structure according to that plan, out of the material selected. (Prin. 21)

Art. 66.    Excretion.  2^nd Sign Of Life.
    The power of excretion is the ability of an organism to give off waste matters selectively, which an intelligence deems are no longer of use in that structure.
    Here, also, we see that intelligence is active.  Non-intelligent matter is not able to judge matter; to decide which matter shall be added to matter.  It requires selective ability to do this.  Chiropractic has ample proof that intelligence is at work in the organism, having its welfare in mind.  It takes judgment to decide which materials have served their purpose and are no longer usable.  If any undesirable materials are in the food, foreign to the uses of the organism, it requires intelligence to decide whether they are foreign materials or not; intelligence to sort them out, and an intelligently guided process to get rid of them, it they do happen to get in.  Undoubtedly the forces of physics and chemistry are used in getting materials into and out of the organism, but it is plainly evident that these forces are also selected by intelligence.

Art. 67.    Adaptability.  3^rd Sign Of Life.
    Adaptability is the intellectual ability that an organism possesses of responding to all forces which come to it, whether Innate or Universal.
    All the signs of life, no matter what the form, are motions of a certain kind.  They must be expressed by motion of matter, else they cannot be signs. (Prin. 13)
    Adaptability is the ability to adapt by virtue of having Intellectual Adaptation.  The student is cautioned not to confuse adaptability, adaptation and Intellectual Adaptation.
    Intellectual Adaptation is a mental process which takes place in the brain cell.  It is strictly immaterial; the antithesis of physical.
    Adaptation is a physical process that takes place as the expression of Intellectual Adaptation.  The Physical Personification of it.
    Adaptability is the ability to perform the above processes.
    The definition mentions the intellectual ability to respond to forces.  This implies an applied force; which would be environment.  The student’s attention is called here, to the word responding, which indicates sensibility.  If intelligence were not present the structure would receive the environmental forces passively, as a lump of clay.  Organisms, however, show the presence of intelligence by the manifestations of that intelligence, in judging every circumstance of environment which may, even remotely, have something to do with the organism.  This is detailed, instantaneous and specific judgment, certifying the presence of intelligence.  The process of judgment and the subsequent plans of intelligence is called Intellectual Adaptation.  The expression (Adaptation) of this instantaneous judgment may require some time (Prin. 6) because of limitation of matter. (Prin. 24)
    All organisms have the benefit of Intellectual Adaptation.  If they did not, they could not be alive at all; (Prin. 23) but an organism having the third sign of life unusually developed, is higher in scale of life because of its ability to make more response to environmental conditions, and thus extend its range of possible environment.  Man has he most powerful organ of Intellectual Adaptation, the Educated Brain, hence a greater adaptability.  He rates himself higher in the scale of life because of his higher powers of sensibility and reasoning.

Art. 68.    Growth.  4^th Sign Of Life.
    The power of growth is the ability to expand according to intelligent plan to mature size, and is dependent upon the power of assimilation.
    That which was said about decisions in regard to assimilation and excretion will apply to intellectual actions in growth.  There is plenty of evidence of intelligence shown in growth.  In the first place, there must be a wonderful "know-how".  Growth is always according to plan; a tissue cell or any other organism of a given kind is the same here as in India.  Besides that is a control as to size and direction.  Living things do not grow beyond their mature size.  Who determines that size?  Any moderation or variation of type must be directed by intelligence for that specific case.  These decisions are the prerogative, of intelligence. (Prin. 21, 23)

Art. 69.    Reproduction.  5^th Sign Of Life.
    The power of reproduction is the ability of the unit to reproduce something of like kind; the power to perpetuate its own kind.
    In this sign of life as in the others there is evidence of intelligence.  It is obvious that some organisms reproduce their own kind – that shows intellectual guidance.  Also, there is always a control manifested in all forms of reproduction to preserve an intelligent balance.  When an organism is a unit of a race it reproduces its own kind.  It this were not true, the race could not continue.  Even here, we notice a control; as, in a hive of bees, all bees do not reproduce themselves, but the queen alone is allowed to do so for the whole hive.
    In the body, Innate does not allow all cells to reproduce their kind ad lib.  If they did, it would not be coordinative action to preserve the size, shape and functions of the body.  When there is an uncontrolled reproduction of cells in the body, it results in pathology.
    In the study of these signs of life the expression "power of" is mentioned frequently.  It was apparently attributed to the objects of material in question; but when we say "power" we are directly referring to the intelligence in the organism, and the student is reminded that we use the word power and intelligence synonymously.
    The student may wonder why motor function is not named as one of the signs of life, since the most obvious sign is motion.  In answer to this, we will call attention to the fact that all five signs of life are motion, hence it is unnecessary to name motion as part of itself. (Prin. 13)  The peculiarity of this motion, however, that distinguishes it from other observable motions, it that it is adaptative; it shows the guiding hand of intelligence.  None of these are shown in moving inorganic matter; as, a rolling rock.
    The student is cautioned not to confuse Excretion and Reproduction, the Signs of Life, with Excretion and Reproduction, the Primary Functions.  There is some difference, which will be explained later.

Art. 70.    Reproduction Of Cells (Webster) (Dorland)  Theory Of Cell Expansion. (p. 8 to 26 Incl. Vol. II)
    Reproduction of cells pertains to the expansion of cells in the developmental or embryonic centers which are derived from the blastoderm.
    A center is composed of cells, representing one of the forms of the four primary tissues, and there are centers of all four kinds, in order that all kinds of cells may be reproduced for growth and reparation.
    Reproduction is very closely associated with growth and reparation.  Considering reproduction as a function, our study can be made more exact by examining the tissue cell as a unit which is functioning.  In order that the body may grow, it must have more cells, and this is accomplished by the reproduction of tissue cells; by cells whose function it is to serve that purpose.
    In the body, these reproducing cells are in the reproductive centers, as, the embryonic or developmental centers derived from the blastoderm.  The blastoderm is formed by the union of the spermatozoon of the male and the ovum of the female.  These are in turn secreted by the glands of the reproductive organs of the parents; and this process is the result of the functioning of the expansional centers in generative organs of the parents.  The purpose of these special cells is Reproductive Function, one of the Nine Primary Functions.
    Under the microscope, these cells can be seen to reproduce their kind by dividing into two cells and each of the dividing into two cells, and so on.  This process is called mitosis, commonly known as cell division.  In Chiropractic the cause if it is explained by The Theory of Cell Expansion.
    The theory states that from the time of impregnation of the ovum, the possibilities of all the cells of the body which are to be used in the development and in the maintenance of its structure are contained in that one cell.
    These possibilities are expanded to full grown cells as intelligence needs them for building and repairing purposes.  This action we see manifested as cell division.  We can see the cell division but we cannot see the unexpanded cells.  This does not weaken the theory of cell expansion, however, since the theory is based upon results rather than upon what can be seen.  The student should keep in mind that there is infinity in smallness as well as in magnitude; and it is not possible to see all that takes place in a tissue cell.
    In the normal body, cells are not reproduced faster than they are needed for growth, reparation, or for propagation of species.  If they do, through lack of Innate’s control, there will be incoordination or pathology.  Some cells are never allowed to reproduce; certain others are, but only at such times and in the manner that Innate desires.  Example: muscle cells are reproduced from developmental centers; but at certain times, as in the case of a wound, Innate will cause connective tissue to proliferate.
    Reproduction as a sign of life refers to the propagation of species of the whole unit; propagation of t