Art. 38.    THE CYCLES GRAPHICALLY REPRESENTED.

Art. 39.    THE NORMAL COMPLETE CYCLE GRAPHICALLY REPRESENTED.

Art. 40.    Units.
    The study of the cycle is by units of force and matter.
    The unit of force is the forun.  The unit of matter is the tissue cell or brain cell or both.  The smallest unit considered in function is the tissue cell.  All the steps of the cycle are the names of units of force, processes, matter, and places.  As the C. G. S. system is the fundamental unit system in the study of physics and mechanics, so the forun, mental impulse, and tissue cell are fundamental units in Chiropractic.

Art. 41.    The Source.
    The Power that supplies the Universe with intelligence, force and matter – everything.
    Another name for Universal Intelligence.
    We are concerned with it here as the Source of all forces and matter, as an inexhaustible supply for Innate Intelligence to draw from. Innate is not limited in her supply of forces; the only thing which prevents her from accomplishing the infinite is the limited amount of matter in the body.

Art. 42.    The Subsource.
    The immediate Source of constructive forces for the collection of tissue cells in its care.
    Another name for Innate Intelligence.
    We are concerned with it here as an explanation of a part of the Universal Diagram.  It is called Subsource because, though it is a localized source for the body it is "sub" to Universal Intelligence; but to nothing else.  There is no cable of nerve tissue or any other substance between it and Universal Intelligence.  There is no need, for anything universal is everywhere.

Art.    43. Innate Brain.
    That part of the brain used by Innate, as an organ, in which to assemble mental impulses.
    It is supplied with mental impulses directly from Innate Intelligence, whose headquarters it is.
    It is a vital spot and cannot be dis-eased.
    Its existence is actual, but its location is theoretical.
    There is no transmission of mental impulses from Innate Intelligence to Innate brain.  There is no necessity, Innate being right here.  For this reason it always has 100% mental impulses.  This being true it has perfect function, perfect metabolism and never has incoordination.  It does not assimilate poisons from the serous stream.  It is of course subject to trauma, the same as any other tissue.  It must be supplied with nutriment and blood as any other tissue.  A virulent poison can penetrate it.  If it is injured by trauma; if it is subjected to anemia – lack of blood and nutriment; or is poisoned in spite of its resistance, then death ensues speedily, for it will not endure dis-ease or trauma.  It must be remembered that although Innate’s management is nothing short of miraculous, she is after all, limited in what she can do because of the limitations of matter.

Art. 44.    Educated Brain.
    That part of the brain used by Innate as an organ for reason, memory, education, and the so-called voluntary functions.
    The seat of Educated Mind.
    It is supplied with mental impulses over nerves, as any other tissue.
    It is liable to incoordination as any other tissue; it is not a vital spot.
    Its existence is actual but its location is theoretical.
    It is the chief organ of adaptation to environmental conditions.
    The Educated Brain is an organ used by Innate for certain purposes just as the liver and stomach are used for certain purposes.  We must not let the fact that it is brain tissue, and that it is located in the cranial cavity, confuse us.  We must never conceive of it as a Power which creates thoughts or as a thing that can govern the body.  It is merely a piece of flesh, just as helpless in this matter as a steak in the butcher’s window.  It is only the physicists who believe that by the clashing of its atoms, physically and chemically, thoughts are born of it.  Like many other organs of the body, the skin for example, it has multiple purposes.  It is used by Innate, by virtue of experience and training, stored when it, as an organ to so "tincture" impulses that they are consciously guided – called voluntary function.  Voluntary pertains to the will.  The Educated Brain is used by Innate to receive precepts concerning the environment of the body, obtained by her able scouts, the Five Senses.  The constant comparison of these precepts with former precepts and with each other, enables Innate to avoid actual or threatened dangers and to dispose of the body for its comfort and welfare.  It is used by Innate to store away precepts in a manner not well understood, but about which the psychologists have plausible theories.

Art. 45.    Innate Body.
    Innate Body is all the tissue cells supplied with mental impulses for metabolism and the so-called involuntary functions.
    The cells of Educated Body are to be considered as Innate Body so far as metabolism is concerned.
    It is supplied with mental impulses through nerves from Innate Brain by the Subsource.
    All the cells of the body are Innate Body.  The classification is according to function more than anatomically.  All tissues must have metabolism, even voluntary ones.  The tissues which have voluntary, also have involuntary functions, at the same time.

Art. 46.    Educated Body. (See Universal Diagram, Art. 38)
    Educated Body is all the tissue supplied with mental impulses from Innate Brain via the Educated Brain for the so-called voluntary functions.
    These same cells are Innate Body so far as metabolism and the so-called involuntary functions are concerned. (See Fig. 7)
    The classification is according to function; not an anatomical division.  It simply has reference to those tissues, muscle predominating, which can be operated at will; voluntary or conscious movement.  Educationally, we have no control over the involuntary movements that go in these tissues and while we may be conscious of some of them, we are absolutely unconscious of the metabolism that goes on in these tissues.  It would certainly be a pretty poor sort of metabolism if it depended on us to do is educationally.  We, as chiropractors, believe this to be the fallacy of medicine, and of dietitians who are attempting to usurp Innate’s business.
    Universal means everywhere – common to every locality.
    If anything is universal it is to be found everywhere you go; it is in every place, and no locality is without it.  In the abstract and perfect sense this would be absolute.  As universal, is commonly used, it is more limited.  For instance, we say that buttons are universally worn.  That does no mean that buttons are all over the universe, on the planets or in interstellar space, but that in most every civilized country we are apt to go, we should find buttons in use.
    The universe extends everywhere; it is infinite.  It has no limitations in space, distance or time; or any quality you might name.  This is true of both the material and the immaterial universe.  If you were to travel at any rate of speed you care to name, and any length of time you care to name, you could not get out of it.

Art. 47.    Infinite.
    Infinite means unlimited; no boundary; not defined.
    The material universe, as mentioned in the foregoing article, is infinite; it has no boundary.  The immaterial universe, meaning the intelligence which governs the universe, with all its matter, qualities, and abstractions, is likewise infinite.  Infinite is a descriptive term applied to Universal Intelligence, therefore.  (Prin. 1.)

Art. 48.    Finite.
    Finite means limited, or bounded.
    Finite is a term applied to Innate Intelligence, because it is a finite portion of Universal Intelligence taking care of a finite portion of matter.  Being finite in this sense, Innate capabilities are limited by matter. (Prin. 5 and 24.)

Art. 49.    The First Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Universal Intelligence.
    The Infinite Intelligence that is the Source of everything in the Universe.
    The Infinite Intelligence pervading all space and matter, which creates and governs all things, both material and immaterial.
     It occupies all space and distance.  It has existed always.  It is older, wiser, greater, stronger and better than anything in the Universe.  It created everything and must have been first and indefinitely superior in order to do it.  It must have been and is VERY intelligent.  Having these virtues it must have never made a mistake and therefore is always right.  Being always right is always good.  Being infinitely good is God. (See Webster for definition of God.)
    Being infinite, on one can define it, actually; one can get only a finite idea of it from the finite amount of manifestations we are able to perceive.  This intelligence is not limited, it is we who are limited in perception.  (Prin. 5, 18, and 24.)  It endows "living things" with localized Power (Innate Intelligence) as a higher manifestation of its forces.

Art. 50.    The Second Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Innate Intelligence.
    The localized or inborn intelligence of a "living thing."
    A finite portion of Universal Intelligence in a finite portion of matter, whose mission it is to keep the matter in active organization. (Prin. 21.)
    Individualized Universal Intelligence.
    A segment of Universal Intelligence which, though a part of it, is distinct from it. (Prin. 20.)
    While Innate Intelligence is a finite portion of Universal Intelligence, it represents the amount of attention that Universal Intelligence is giving to that amount of matter.  All matter is blessed with the caretaking of the Supreme Intelligence, and if this ceases for one moment, matter would cease to exist.  We do not know, or course, but it seems reasonable to believe, that the Creator’s solicitude did not end when things were created; that Universal Intelligence is continuously unfolding thoughts of which everything in the universe gets its share – that amount intended for it, no more, no less.  Organic things seem to be blessed with a greater amount of attention than inorganic things.  So much so that Universal Intelligence has endowed the living organisms with localized or a specialized branch of itself to attend to things that must have immediate and localized decisions, in order to keep the matter organized.
    Definition of organize: "To arrange or constitute in interdependent parts, each having a special function, act, office, or relation with respect to the whole." (Webster.)
    This definition throws an interesting light upon the subject, showing that if a number of interdependent parts are to have a cooperative relation with each other, they must be grouped about a central idea, a common need or governing principle.  This governing principle is Innate Intelligence.
    There are various grades of "living things."  Some are not much about the state of inorganic matter.  Yet these have 100% of intelligence, exactly proportionate to their state of organization.  They have all the specialized intelligence they need; all that Universal Intelligence intended they should have.  This localized is not a material thing to be measured in quarts or bushels; we speak of it in percentage, meaning that, much or little, the amount of intelligence of a "living thing" has is 100%, and that is its share.  Both the mouse and the elephant have 100% innates.  (Prin. 7, 14, 16, 22.)  That which each has is the amount required to make him what he is.
    While Innate is limited as to the amount of matter she controls, which is the amount of matter in the body, she is not limited as to the amount of forces at her command. (Prin. 9.)  She has the whole Universe to draw from.
    Observation of manifestations seems to indicate that some Innates are deficient and that some make mistakes.  A closer inspection will show that this is paradoxical.  If we are acquainted with the laws of physics and chemistry, it is easy to see, that after all, Innate has not, comparatively, very much to work with.  Without an infinity of matter she cannot be expected to have infinite expression.  One cannot do the same work with a toothpick that he can do with a crowbar.  (Prin. 24.)
    When Innate leaves the body, the matter in it is not destroyed but reverts to its inorganic state.  It may still be called organic matter, probably because it retains the form of organic matter, as wood does, but it is no longer actively organic – not "alive."  Most bodily tissues, with the exception of bond, decompose quickly, while wood or bond holds its form a long time after Innate leaves.  While the localized, specialized intelligence has left and is no longer concerned with these structures, Universal Intelligence is still interested in the molecules, though not in the structures, and still gives these molecules and atoms as much care as ever.  If it did not they would cease to exist at all. (Prin. 1 and 14.)
    This Innate Intelligence assembles matter, for her use, adapting it so it can be used, and making it into structures pleasing to herself, but according to a Universal plan.  While Universal Intelligence does not care particularly for these structures, Innate Intelligence gives them constant thought.  In order to build them and keep them in repair and to function as organizations, she assembles forces from an infinite supply.  Just as we educationally adapt steam, gravity, and electricity for our use and convenience, she adapts universal forces and matter for her use and convenience.  After constructing the body, she continues adapting material and forces to maintain it that way through life.  (Prin. 21, 23.)

Art. 51.    All Living Things Have Innates.
    Whenever molecules and atoms have been assembled into tissues, the tissues are called organic matter; and while actively organic, have a localized intelligence, called Innate Intelligence.
    Organic life extends through a wide range of development.  All of them have signs of life; (Prin. 18) but some of them are organisms of such low order that the signs of life are very latent and it is very difficult to distinguish these "living things" from inorganic structures.  In some organisms, some of the signs of life may be more latent than other signs of life in the same organism.  If they have any organization at all, that fact is sufficient proof that an Innate Intelligence is present. (See thin line circle in Fig. 6.)  High or low, through the whole gamut, man , animals, birds, fish, reptiles, insects, plants, or unicellular, they all have Innates.  The higher orders have more motion of the adaptive kind than the others, which enables them to live in a wider range of environment than the others not so fortunate.  Thus, we see according to Chiropractic tenets that life is studied generally and specifically; Universal Life and Organic Life, as contrasted phases.  Man gives to himself the highest rank, this rank being based upon his superior powers of adaptability.
    Since we, as chiropractors, are interested in getting the sick well, we are naturally more interested in the Innates of our own species of organisms.  From now on, when we speak of Innate Intelligence, we are referring to the human Innate Intelligence, unless otherwise stated.

Art. 52.    The Third Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Mental Realm.
    The plane of Innate’s activity.
    The immaterial realm.
    The occupation or business of Innate.
    "Of or pertaining to the mind." (Webster)
    Mental, is strictly abstract; it is the realm of thought.  Innate Intelligence, as a part of a Thinking Power, is a power which thinks.  Anything which exists was first conceived in thought.  The process of thinking is creation.  Every abstract fact, every plan, every structure, every act of every part of the body, or the body as a whole, is first created in the brain by Innate Intelligence.  This activity of intelligence is mind and is an important phase of life, not overlooked by Chiropractic.  The student is cautioned to remember that mind is not a power but the activity of power.

Art. 53.    Mind.
    The activity of Innate Intelligence in the brain as an organ.
    The introduction of thought into matter via the brain. (Prin. 3, 8, 10, 13.)
    Chiropractic maintains that Innate Intelligence is the Power which governs the body; is the ego itself.  You are your Innate Intelligence, your Innate Intelligence is you.  If you claim that you are master of your Innate, that is a mistaken assumption of values and is the same as Innate belittling herself.  Sure Innate would never do this; but when it appears that she does, it is a mis-expression. (Prin. 24, 30.)
    Mind is the term applied to what Innate Intelligence does when it is at work.
    Innate Mind and Educated Mind are terms used to indicate the kind of work being done.
    When Innate does not work there is no mind.
    Let us compare a musician to the Power; his instrument to the brain and music to mind.  When the musician plays on his instrument, as an organ of expression, there is music.  When the musician ceases playing there is no music expressed.
    In Chiropractic, the mind is considered a little differently than it is in psychology.  In psychology, one mind is considered in two divisions, namely, conscious and subconscious, with no definite division between them.  Psychology considers that this, the conscious mind, is the governing intellect and implies that while the subconscious mind may govern metabolism and the like, the conscious mind is the ego; is really the master.  We gather from the teachings of psychology, which is based upon a materialistic view, one can willfully govern his own destinies, even to the extent of healing.  Chiropractic does not use the terms, conscious mind and subconscious mind at all, for there is absolutely no application of these terms to anything Chiropractic.
    Chiropractic Philosophy is not a study of psychology any more than it is of chemistry or physics.  Chiropractic recognizes and honors all the findings of the psychologists as it does that of the physicists.  It makes use of these findings as it does those of the physicists and agrees with psychology as long as psychology is consistent with Chiropractic.  In other words, there is a Chiropractic psychology, which is the study of the mind. (See Senior Section)  All the psychology that is considered in Chiropractic, can be studied under the division called, Mental, the third step of the Normal Complete Cycle.

Art. 54.    Innate Mind.
    Innate Mind is the activity of Innate Intelligence in the Innate Brain as an organ.
    The product of this activity is Innate Thoughts, or Mental Force.
    The act or the business of assembling forces in Innate Brain.
    Even when "she" uses Educated Brain, she first uses Innate Brain. (See Universal Diagram Fig. 4.) (Prin. 23.)

Art. 55.    Educated Mind.
    Educated Mind is the activity of Innate Intelligence in the Educated Brain as an organ.
    The product of this activity is Educated Thoughts; such as, reasoning, will, memory, etc.
    Innate controls the functions of the "voluntary" organs via the Educated Brain. (See Universal Diagram, Fig. 4)
    Educated thoughts are mostly for adaptation to things external to the body.
    Educated thoughts are never outwardly expressed until Innate does it through Innate Brain; for instance, one may have a thought but be unable to express it vocally, if Innate is unable to operate the organs of speech, owing to interference with transmission of mental impulses.  In any case, we should not know how to operate the organs of speech even, though we can will them to act.  The Educated thoughts may be kept within the brain and as Chiropractic says, expressed there, but which psychologists say make a physiological change in the tissue of the brain.  We see no reason why we should not agree with this theory.

Art. 56.    The Fourth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Creation.
    The process of adapting Universal forces in the brain cell, so that they can be used for the maintenance and functioning of tissue cells. (Prin. 8, 23)
    The assembling of forces in Brain Cell by Innate Intelligence.
    Creation in the brain cell refers to the assembling of something already created, rather than the making of something out of nothing.  Creation means, cause to exist, but here it means to cause to exist in a certain way.  Of course there is the assembling of forces into kinds, and matter into structures, as the carpenter assembles building materials into structures and assembles forces in order to do it.  We call his buildings creations but not for a moment do we think that he created them out of nothing.  Innate is a creator, truly, but in the sense that she is a builder.  Innate cannot change or destroy any Universal Law or matter, (Prin. 24) but can play one force against the other, adapt, use, oppose, or augment the forces at her disposal, in order to accomplish her ends.  It is in this sense that we use the term creation in the Normal Complete Cycle.  Universally, Creation is the unfolding of ideas of Universal Intelligence.  Creation has not ceased, but the Supreme Intelligence is thinking about all creations constantly.  This solicitude we also call creation.  There are three classes of Universal creations; matter, acts, and facts.  It is easy enough to grasp the first; an act must first be conceived mentally, even a natural phenomenon; a fact, something very abstract, is a creation just as much as a stone is, and it is just as indestructible.  Two plus two equals four; an abstract fact.  No human agency can destroy it.  Therefore, it is plainly seen that in the Normal Complete Cycle, Chiropractic uses a specific meaning of creation rather than the general.  An examination of the following definitions from Webster will show that Chiropractic is justified in using a specific meaning.
    "Act of causing to exist, or fact of being brought in to existence by a divine power or its equivalent; esp., the act of bringing the universe or this world into existence."
    "Act of making, producing, fashioning, or bringing into existence, in general."
    "Act of constituting or investing with a new character, title, or the like." (Webster)

Art. 57.    The Fifth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Brain Cell.
    An organ used by Innate Intelligence for the assembling of forces.
    Place where thoughts are made; place where forces are assembled.
    The "clearing house" for coordination.
    As the brain is an organ, so is the brain cell – a smaller unit.
    The workshop of Innate Intelligence.
    Metabolistically, it is a tissue cell requiring mental impulses, blood and serum.
    A brain cell is a cell of nervous tissue – one of the four primary tissues.  It has many of the characteristics of other tissue cells, having a body and a nucleus.  Its widest difference from other cells is its branches.  It has many branches; in fact it has so many of them, that a drawing or a photograph of a brain cell looks like a map of the Amazon River.  The shorter body-branches are called dendrities and the single, long, threadlike branch, extremely long in proportion to the cell body, is called the axis-cylinder or axone or axon.
    The body of the cell is gray, and masses of cell bodies form the gray or cortical portions of the brain.  The branches are white, and bundles of them form the white or medullary portions of the brain.  The white fibers pass from cell to cell, from lobe to lobe, from hemisphere to hemisphere, from brain to brain and from them to the spinal cord.  They offer perfect intercommunication between all brain cells, and between brain cells and body cells.  The intercommunicating parts are the axons which are believed to be the most important part of the cells, and are so long in comparison with the cell body, that if you were to imagine a cell body to be the size of a base-ball, the axon would be the size of a string and quarter of a mile long.
    Very long axons pass from brain cells through the foramen magnum of the cranium.  There are so many of these, that they form a cylinder about the size of a lead pencil called the spinal cord.  Through this cord the axons pass to the spinal nerves, which branch and ramify to all parts of the body.
    The cells of the brain are very similar in construction to the nerve cells of the spinal cord, visceral system, and peripheral organs.  Nervous tissue is about the same whether in the brain or peripheral systems.  The nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord is called the central nervous system, anatomically.  The spinal nerves and visceral system is called the peripheral system, in Chiropractic.  Chiropractic is inclined to regard all nervous tissue outside the cranium as the peripheral system, even those portions of the cranial nerves which supply tissue cells with mental impulses.

Art. 58.    The Sixth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Transformation.
    Changing mental force to a specific unit.
    Changing force from the mental realm to the material realm.
    Making foruns usable in the tissue cell.
    Making a force out of a thought so that it can be physical enough to "get a grip" on matter.
    Changing thought to force so that it can be expressed in forms physical.
    Concentrating or collecting mental forces into specific forms so they will have a definite aim or purpose.
     One of the hardest processes of the Cycle to understand is Transformation.  Perhaps we can get a slight insight into it, by using an educated example of the same thing.  We all know that if you sit and stare at your pencil, wishing that it would get up and write, nothing will be done by the pencil; but if you WILL a definite set of thoughts concerning it, a multitude of definite actions in your tissues will occur and you will take up your pencil and write.  Thus, thought moved matter, actually; but not until a definite set of thoughts were made specific enough to accomplish that end.
    When Innate assembles universal forces in the brain cell they are in the form of thoughts.  In this non-specific state they are called foruns.  They are, as yet, thought; absolutely abstract, but the most powerful creations in nature, notwithstanding.  Being abstract, they have no connection with matter; no hold on it; in this "ghostly" state, cannot grip it.  Transformation is a process of so changing these foruns, that they become a form of energy which does affect matter; does have a grip on it.  It really becomes the link.  Any one who sees a magnet move a bit of steel, sees that there is force between the magnet and the steel though they may not touch.  There is no tangible connection between them, yet this invisible force moves the steel; the "lines of force" have a "grip" on matter.  They are intangible, yes, but they are by no means abstract, in the sense that hope or charity is.
    When foruns have been transformed they are units, called Mental Impulses.  The force is now outside the mental realm and in the material realm, in which they can be reckoned a form of energy and as such, be expressed in physical forms.

Art. 59.    The Seventh Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Mental Impulse.
    A unit of mental force for a specific tissue cell, for a specific occasion.
    A special message to a tissue cell for the present instant.
    It differs from a universal force, in that it is constructive and is for a particular moment and need of coordination, while universal forces are not constructive in particular, are for all moments generally, and are too general to be coordinative. (Prin. 10, 15)
    It is not fully understood what mental impulses are.  This is no reflection upon Chiropractic, for, engineers and electricians do not know what electricity is.  Yet they know its laws and manifestations and are so able to make practical application of this knowledge.
    Chiropractors know the manifestations of mental impulses.  They can make practical application of this knowledge, in getting the sick well.  Whatever the force is, they know that they have named a unit of it, Mental Impulse, with as much justification as the electricians have named a unit of electrical current, ampere.
    Each tissue cell requires specific impulses every moment.  Since there are millions of cells it takes millions of impulses for them every moment.  There are new ones for every adaptative change.  These impulses are only good for the moment for which they are created.  They cannot be stored up or dammed back; if this were possible the mental impulses would immediately become useless.

Art. 60.    The Eighth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Propulsion.
    The sending or the starting of the mental impulse.
    Dispatching the message to the right tissue cell.
    The effort which causes the mental impulse to go to the tissue cell.
    The term is derived from propel, "propel: to impel forward or onward by applied force." (Webster)  Let us use the theory, here, that mental force is a form of energy.  Forms of energy, as studied in physics show a decided expenditure of effort somewhere.  Either given off by these energies or by something else, in giving them origin.  Electric generators require the expenditure of many horsepower by their engines to propel the current.  Is it not then, consistent to assume that the departure of mental impulses from brain cell, is accompanied by some kind of effort?  Perhaps it is a physical movement of the cell; as, concentration.

Art. 61.    The Ninth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Efferent Nerve.
    The route of mental impulse from brain cell to tissue cell.
    The nerve from brain cell to tissue cell.
    The nerve-tissue cells in the brain have extremely long axons, extending to the tissue cells; or if an axon does not extend that far, it has connections of relay cells with their axons extending farther; one of these reaching the cell.  While anatomy does not show any visible connections between them, the doubtful joints being called synapses, both laboratory and clinical findings show that there are very definite connections.  In telephoning from Davenport to New York, on does not use one continuous wire with no breaks in continuity, but a relay of wires.  The connections between these different wires are very definite and the route of the message continuous.

Art. 62.    The Tenth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Transmission.
    The passage of the mental impulse from brain cell to tissue cell.
    The conveyance of the mental force. (Prin. 23, 27, 28)
    The function of the nervous system is to transmit mental force to and from the tissue cell; or rather from brain cell to tissue cell and back again.  The question often arises, why are nerves necessary, or why must Innate use them, "she being so infinitely wise?"  A like question about electricity would be just as pertinent.  Why does electricity prefer to travel through or over wires when it can travel in the radiant form?  Yet a metal wire will gather to itself radiant electricity and change it to dynamic or flowing form.  If this were not true, it would be impossible to have radio sets in our homes.
    So far as we know, mental force may be radiated; perhaps this is the explanation of telepathy.  Be that as it may, there are plenty of proofs that mental force prefers nerve tissue to travel through, and Innate adapts this natural law to her purposes, using nerve tissue to conduct mental impulses.  It being a material, it has the limitations of material – hence interference is possible. (Prin. 5, 24, 27)

Art. 63.    The Eleventh Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Tissue Cell.
    The smallest unit of tissue considered in function.
    That unit of tissue which, with one mental impulse, will perform one unit of function.
    A unit of organic matter.
    It may have many functions but that one for which it is built, and which it does coordinately or cooperatively for the benefit and welfare of other tissues of the body, is the function mentioned in this cycle.
    Tissue: "An aggregation of cells, fibers, and various cell products, forming a structural element." (Dorland)
    Cell: "Any one of the minute protoplasmic masses which make up organized tissue, consisting of a circumscribed mass of protoplasm containing a nucleus." (Dorland)
    In Chiropractic, we study the tissue cell physiologically and histologically as other sciences do.  We learn in these studies that a tissue cell is the smallest unit of "living" matter; that it is organic matter and that cellular organisms have "signs of life."
    Chiropractically, we consider the tissues that are actively organic.  That is to say, tissues that have been built by mental force, but from which the life force has departed, leaving only the inactive structures, are not of immediate interest of Chiropractic.  To put it plainer, Chiropractic is not much concerned with the laboratorical classification of "dead" matter, though they do not underestimate its value in certain lines.  Chiropractic is interested in the study of matter in the sense that it looks continually for the activity of intelligence in "live" matter.  It is for a scientific purpose, not industrial, as a means to get the sick well.

Art. 64.    The Signs Of Life.
    The signs of life are evidence of the intelligence of life.
    The signs of life are the evidences of the "powers" of intelligence.
    There are five principal signs of life.
    Definition of life: "The quality or character which distinguishes an animal or a plant from inorganic or from dead organic bodies and which is especially manifested by metabolism, growth, reproduction and internal powers of adaptation to environment; the property by which the organs of an animal or plant, or the organism as a whole, are conceived as maintained in the performance of their functions, or the state in which all or any of the organs of a plant or animal are capable of performing all or any of their functions." (Webster)
    There are other interesting definitions of life which it would be well to read in Webster’s International Dictionary, for purposes of comparison.  According to definitions of life as given in Webster (They are too long to quote here) life is the quality which distinguishes the matter of the vegetable and animal kingdoms from inorganic matter, or organic matter which is no longer living; "the property or capacity of adaptation to environment."  According to that, then, to the physicist the signs of life mean nothing more than, signs of life; but to the chiropractor, they are signs of the attention of a localized intelligence. (Prin. 18, 19, 20)
    With these Chiropractic principles in mind, let us examine the Five Signs of Life.  Named in order of importance they are: Assimilation, Excretion, Adaptability, Growth, and Reproduction.  The first two are very important and the "powers" of "living things" are very latent indeed, with out them.

Art. 65.    Assimilation.  1^st Sign Of Life.
    The power of assimilation is the ability of an organism to take into its body food materials selectively, and make them a part of itself according to a system or intelligent plan.
    Philosophically, we wish to call attention to the fact that any living thing, that is able to take food materials into its body, takes only that which it needs in its upbuilding or maintenance.  It will not take anything into its body that it cannot use in that process.  This indicates selective ability.  Selection requires local and repeated judgments; judgment requires intelligence, and local judgments require a local intelligence, that is, intelligence in the body.  Besides that, to be able to take food elements and form them into the parts of a structure, (An organism is a structure) takes more than a haphazard piling-up of materials.  It requires an intelligence able to plan the structure; and to build the structure according to that plan, out of the material selected. (Prin. 21)

Art. 66.    Excretion.  2^nd Sign Of Life.
    The power of excretion is the ability of an organism to give off waste matters selectively, which an intelligence deems are no longer of use in that structure.
    Here, also, we see that intelligence is active.  Non-intelligent matter is not able to judge matter; to decide which matter shall be added to matter.  It requires selective ability to do this.  Chiropractic has ample proof that intelligence is at work in the organism, having its welfare in mind.  It takes judgment to decide which materials have served their purpose and are no longer usable.  If any undesirable materials are in the food, foreign to the uses of the organism, it requires intelligence to decide whether they are foreign materials or not; intelligence to sort them out, and an intelligently guided process to get rid of them, it they do happen to get in.  Undoubtedly the forces of physics and chemistry are used in getting materials into and out of the organism, but it is plainly evident that these forces are also selected by intelligence.

Art. 67.    Adaptability.  3^rd Sign Of Life.
    Adaptability is the intellectual ability that an organism possesses of responding to all forces which come to it, whether Innate or Universal.
    All the signs of life, no matter what the form, are motions of a certain kind.  They must be expressed by motion of matter, else they cannot be signs. (Prin. 13)
    Adaptability is the ability to adapt by virtue of having Intellectual Adaptation.  The student is cautioned not to confuse adaptability, adaptation and Intellectual Adaptation.
    Intellectual Adaptation is a mental process which takes place in the brain cell.  It is strictly immaterial; the antithesis of physical.
    Adaptation is a physical process that takes place as the expression of Intellectual Adaptation.  The Physical Personification of it.
    Adaptability is the ability to perform the above processes.
    The definition mentions the intellectual ability to respond to forces.  This implies an applied force; which would be environment.  The student’s attention is called here, to the word responding, which indicates sensibility.  If intelligence were not present the structure would receive the environmental forces passively, as a lump of clay.  Organisms, however, show the presence of intelligence by the manifestations of that intelligence, in judging every circumstance of environment which may, even remotely, have something to do with the organism.  This is detailed, instantaneous and specific judgment, certifying the presence of intelligence.  The process of judgment and the subsequent plans of intelligence is called Intellectual Adaptation.  The expression (Adaptation) of this instantaneous judgment may require some time (Prin. 6) because of limitation of matter. (Prin. 24)
    All organisms have the benefit of Intellectual Adaptation.  If they did not, they could not be alive at all; (Prin. 23) but an organism having the third sign of life unusually developed, is higher in scale of life because of its ability to make more response to environmental conditions, and thus extend its range of possible environment.  Man has he most powerful organ of Intellectual Adaptation, the Educated Brain, hence a greater adaptability.  He rates himself higher in the scale of life because of his higher powers of sensibility and reasoning.

Art. 68.    Growth.  4^th Sign Of Life.
    The power of growth is the ability to expand according to intelligent plan to mature size, and is dependent upon the power of assimilation.
    That which was said about decisions in regard to assimilation and excretion will apply to intellectual actions in growth.  There is plenty of evidence of intelligence shown in growth.  In the first place, there must be a wonderful "know-how".  Growth is always according to plan; a tissue cell or any other organism of a given kind is the same here as in India.  Besides that is a control as to size and direction.  Living things do not grow beyond their mature size.  Who determines that size?  Any moderation or variation of type must be directed by intelligence for that specific case.  These decisions are the prerogative, of intelligence. (Prin. 21, 23)

Art. 69.    Reproduction.  5^th Sign Of Life.
    The power of reproduction is the ability of the unit to reproduce something of like kind; the power to perpetuate its own kind.
    In this sign of life as in the others there is evidence of intelligence.  It is obvious that some organisms reproduce their own kind – that shows intellectual guidance.  Also, there is always a control manifested in all forms of reproduction to preserve an intelligent balance.  When an organism is a unit of a race it reproduces its own kind.  It this were not true, the race could not continue.  Even here, we notice a control; as, in a hive of bees, all bees do not reproduce themselves, but the queen alone is allowed to do so for the whole hive.
    In the body, Innate does not allow all cells to reproduce their kind ad lib.  If they did, it would not be coordinative action to preserve the size, shape and functions of the body.  When there is an uncontrolled reproduction of cells in the body, it results in pathology.
    In the study of these signs of life the expression "power of" is mentioned frequently.  It was apparently attributed to the objects of material in question; but when we say "power" we are directly referring to the intelligence in the organism, and the student is reminded that we use the word power and intelligence synonymously.
    The student may wonder why motor function is not named as one of the signs of life, since the most obvious sign is motion.  In answer to this, we will call attention to the fact that all five signs of life are motion, hence it is unnecessary to name motion as part of itself. (Prin. 13)  The peculiarity of this motion, however, that distinguishes it from other observable motions, it that it is adaptative; it shows the guiding hand of intelligence.  None of these are shown in moving inorganic matter; as, a rolling rock.
    The student is cautioned not to confuse Excretion and Reproduction, the Signs of Life, with Excretion and Reproduction, the Primary Functions.  There is some difference, which will be explained later.

Art. 70.    Reproduction Of Cells (Webster) (Dorland)  Theory Of Cell Expansion. (p. 8 to 26 Incl. Vol. II)
    Reproduction of cells pertains to the expansion of cells in the developmental or embryonic centers which are derived from the blastoderm.
    A center is composed of cells, representing one of the forms of the four primary tissues, and there are centers of all four kinds, in order that all kinds of cells may be reproduced for growth and reparation.
    Reproduction is very closely associated with growth and reparation.  Considering reproduction as a function, our study can be made more exact by examining the tissue cell as a unit which is functioning.  In order that the body may grow, it must have more cells, and this is accomplished by the reproduction of tissue cells; by cells whose function it is to serve that purpose.
    In the body, these reproducing cells are in the reproductive centers, as, the embryonic or developmental centers derived from the blastoderm.  The blastoderm is formed by the union of the spermatozoon of the male and the ovum of the female.  These are in turn secreted by the glands of the reproductive organs of the parents; and this process is the result of the functioning of the expansional centers in generative organs of the parents.  The purpose of these special cells is Reproductive Function, one of the Nine Primary Functions.
    Under the microscope, these cells can be seen to reproduce their kind by dividing into two cells and each of the dividing into two cells, and so on.  This process is called mitosis, commonly known as cell division.  In Chiropractic the cause if it is explained by The Theory of Cell Expansion.
    The theory states that from the time of impregnation of the ovum, the possibilities of all the cells of the body which are to be used in the development and in the maintenance of its structure are contained in that one cell.
    These possibilities are expanded to full grown cells as intelligence needs them for building and repairing purposes.  This action we see manifested as cell division.  We can see the cell division but we cannot see the unexpanded cells.  This does not weaken the theory of cell expansion, however, since the theory is based upon results rather than upon what can be seen.  The student should keep in mind that there is infinity in smallness as well as in magnitude; and it is not possible to see all that takes place in a tissue cell.
    In the normal body, cells are not reproduced faster than they are needed for growth, reparation, or for propagation of species.  If they do, through lack of Innate’s control, there will be incoordination or pathology.  Some cells are never allowed to reproduce; certain others are, but only at such times and in the manner that Innate desires.  Example: muscle cells are reproduced from developmental centers; but at certain times, as in the case of a wound, Innate will cause connective tissue to proliferate.
    Reproduction as a sign of life refers to the propagation of species of the whole unit; propagation of the race.
    Reproduction as a Primary Function refers to the functioning of an organ whose purpose is reproduction as a coordinative act.  The fact that the expression is applied to the act of a tissue cell, does not change its meaning, for in that case, the tissue cell is considered as an organ.

Art. 71.    THE SPERMATOZOON. (Dorland) (Webster)

Art. 72.    THE OVUM. (Webster) (Dorland)

Art. 73.    THE PRONUCLEUS.

Art. 74.    MULBERRY MASS OR MORULA.

Art. 75.    THE PRIMITIVE STREAK OR TRACE.

Art. 76.    THE BLASTODERM.

Art. 77.    THE THREE LAYERS OF THE BLASTODERM.

Art. 78.    THE FOUR PRIMARY TISSUES.

Art. 79.    The Twelfth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Reception.
    The arrival of the mental impulse at the tissue cell.
    The receipt of Innate’s message.
    When a tissue cell is healthy; in a good state of construction, strong and ready, it can receive normally and immediately act adaptatively to the mental impulses. (See Signs of Life).  We say it is able to obey Innate readily and normally and has "good resistance."  On the other hand, if the tissue cell is sick or injured or poisoned it cannot receive normally or act efficiently.  When the tissue cell is not at its best, it is not in as high a state of organization as it should be and it is easy to see that its adaptative action will always be proportionate to its state of organization.  Even after perfect transmission has been restored it will require some time for the cell to be brought back to its proper state, therefore the element of time enters. (Prin. 6.)  Also, we can see how Innate is hindered by the limitations of matter for awhile, even after transmission is restored. (Prin. 5, 24)

Art. 80.    The Thirteenth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Physical Personification.
    The immaterial expressed in material.
    The physical representation of mental creation.
    A material form of a mental conception.
    Innate’s plans "coming true."
    When Intelligence creates, the creations are entirely mental, but none the less real, for that.  As evidence to our educated minds, they must be expressed.  All forces, mental or physical, must be expressed by matter. (Prin. 10, 15.)  We could not be aware of motion unless we perceive matter moving.  When we perceive matter moving, we must know, if we reason, that either Universal Intelligence or Innate Intelligence or both, created the forces that set the matter in motion.  We know that intelligence created these forces, because the motions are always according to law; either precise unchangeable laws or the laws of precise change – adaptation.  Present motion, then, is the physical expression of the mental "plane" of intelligence, and structures of matter are monuments – physical personifications of motions that have been.
    An architect plans his great bridge or building.  To him the building is real.  He can visualize the mental edifice but it will exist only to him and not to any one else until the finished edifice portrays to every one what the creator had in mind.
    A planned event, as a party, is but a mental conception, but when it is taking place it is a physical expression (personification) of the mental plans.
    How would any one ever know your thoughts if you did not express them through media of material – by speaking, writing, gestures, facial expression, etc., etc.?  In the same manner the more profound thoughts (creations) of Innate Intelligence are expressed through the material of every tissue cell.

Art. 81.    The Fourteenth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Expression.
    The activity of matter which reveals the presence of Innate Intelligence. (Prin. 15, 18)
    A "showing" of intelligence – manifestation.
    This term is used to indicate Innate’s function which is intellectual adaptation.
     Expression means just what the word indicates – pushing outward.  It is the coming out of something; something becoming evident.  This something is the force of Innate Intelligence – mental impulses.  The manner of its coming out is very important and significant, for the quantity and direction of these forces are predetermined by the intelligence behind them and the quality is determined by the vehicle of expression; by the character of the structure, or instrument (organ) which Innate uses for that particular purpose.  The study of the purposes of these vehicles of expression is the study of Function. (Prin. 18, 23).

Art. 82.    The Fifteenth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Function.
    The purpose or action of a tissue cell, as used by Innate as an organ.
    It has reference to the purpose of a unit of matter; the smallest possible organ; the tissue cell.
    As expression refers to what Innate does, so function refers to what a tissue cell does.
    The function of a tissue cell is always according to its characteristic build, and is the coordinative service it renders the whole body. (Prin. 13)
    Function is the fulfilling of a purpose – the purpose being the reason for the existence of anything.  Everything in existence has reason for existing; one or more purposes in the scheme of things.  The fulfillment of that purpose, whether active or passive, is function.  The student should bear in mind that the term passive is comparative, for everything in the Universe is in action and also fulfillment is action.  Hence everything has function; the function of a pen is to be used for writing; an inkwell to hold ink; an envelope to envelop a letter; a steamship’s function is to cross the ocean.  The fact that these things are sometimes at rest does not change their function in the least.  They may not always be functioning.  The function of an empty inkwell is still to contain ink; and though the steamship is at the dock, its function is to cross the ocean.  When they are being used, they are expressing the intelligence of their users.  Though intelligence determines the quantity, timeliness, and direction of these functions, the quality of the function depends upon the structural characteristics of the instrument.  Thus, the envelope could not conveniently be used for writing, or the pen for enveloping a letter; and the steamship would not make a serviceable inkwell.  While this latter is sublimely ridiculous, yet it strongly points out that everything has its own functions and those functions, are what a thing is built to do and accounts for it existence.
    A thing may have more than one function or a different function at a different time.  Some things have dual, triple or multiple functions.  Thus, a chair may be used for sitting, as a footstool, standing upon, as an improvised table or a door prop.  Again, we point out that the user expresses himself through these structures as instruments or organs.

Art. 83.    Primary Function.
    The purpose or action of a tissue cell or organ for coordination.
    The cooperative service rendered to the body by a tissue cell or organ.
    The characteristic structure of a cell is always in accordance with its primary function.
    A tissue cell may have many movements but only those for coordination are primary; it may fulfill its office with no movement; as, a bone cell.
    In the foregoing article it was pointed out that a chair might be used for a number of things; but it is obvious that the Primary Function of the chair is to be used for sitting.  While it might be used for other things, its harmonious use in the household is strictly its primary function.
    Most organs of the body have more than one purpose; as, the skin serves as a covering for the body, secretion, excretion, respiration, radiation, and sensation; and all these are primary functions.  In the Normal Complete Cycle, however, following our deductive system, we have narrowed our study down to the ultimate unit organ – the tissue cell.  As we go from the general to the specific, it is evident that the study of function will be the primary purpose of one tissue cell.
    There are four primary tissues in the body, and these four classes are subdivided into other kinds; and these kinds are built into a great variety of structures.  Yet there is a reason for so many different kinds of structures, for Innate requires a great many kinds of things to be done.
    An examination of the outstanding of these, shows us that; muscle cells are made to produce movement for the benefit of the whole body, bone cells to offer framework, ligaments to serve as guys, epithelial cells to serve as lining and covering, nerve cells to conduct, and glandular cells to secrete.  While all of these cells have other movements and purposes than those named, these other movements are for the cell itself – its private affairs; as, the Signs of Life of the cell.  Certain classes of these cells are so important in the body scheme, that when they go wrong they cause more trouble than others.  Perhaps some more are susceptible to trouble than others, when there is interference with transmission.  At any rate, there are some functions that are more noticeable than others, and clinical findings prove that the functions, that are notorious for going wrong, are about nine in number.  These are known in Chiropractic as "The Nine Primary Functions."  Not that these are all the primary functions, but they are the nine cardinal trouble makers when there is incoordination.

Art. 84.    The Nine Primary Functions.
    The primary functions which are most commonly involved in incoordinations are approximately nine in number.
    This is an arbitrary number, because nine were selected and named.

    List of The Nine Primary Functions:

                Motor Function.                         Nutritive Function.
            Calorific Function.                      Reparatory Function.
            Sensory Function.                       Expansive Function.
            Secretory Function.                    Reproductive Function.
            Excretory Function.

    The student is advised to learn the names of the Nine Primary Function.
    The subject of function will be taken up in detail in the Junior Section.

Art. 85.    The Sixteenth Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Coordination.
    The harmonious cooperative action of the tissue cells, controlled and synchronized by Innate Intelligence.
    The perfectly coordinated mutual functioning of all the structural elements of the body.
    Harmony of primary functions.
    Perfect relation of functional activities for the welfare of the whole body as a unit.
    Good "team work" by the tissue cells. (Prin. 23, 32)
    The principle of Coordination is one of the most fundamental principles of Chiropractic.  The fact, that a cell is in the body at all, is ample proof that Innate requires it to serve a purpose.  Any tissue cell in the body that Innate has no need for is an abnormality and is known in Chiropractic as a tumor.  Innate has no excess property – she keeps a close inventory and possesses no tools that are not used.  Therefore, each tissue cell is an organism and therefore, there is intelligence in it.  It is absolutely essential that the units comprising the body be of this nature, else Innate could not control them.  If it were not necessary for these units to have some intelligence, Innate could just as conveniently us a bit of inorganic matter such a stone, metals, etc.  Obviously this is not possible; Innate must have units with adaptability that respond to her urge; the law of demand and supply.

Art. 86.    The First Afferent Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Coordination.
    The same as Coordination in the Efferent Half of the Normal Complete Cycle but with the afferent aspect, and consideration.

Art. 87.    The Second Afferent Step Of The Cycle.  Tissue Cell.
    The tissue cell that received the mental impulse and responded.
    The material that is obeying the mental impulse.
    The material that is responding to environment, by its adaptability.
    The tissue cell must be sound in order to obey Innate perfectly. (Prin. 5)
    In Chiropractic the tissue cell is the unit of material, considered as the smallest organ, which with one unit of force it expresses on unit of function.  It responds to environmental forces; to the influence of its neighbors, and the urge of Innate.  All of these factors enter into what it does.  If normal and sane (sound) it will do exactly what Innate wants it to do coordinately; within its limitations, of course. (Prin. 5, 24)

Art. 88.    The Third Afferent Step Of The Cycle.  Vibration.
    The motion of a tissue cell in performing its function.
    Tissue cells may be said to have three kinds of motion; namely, functional, metabolistic, and physical.  The functional is its movement in coordinating – its primary function.  The metabolistic, its movement in expressing its signs of life; living for itself.  Physical, molecular movement which all matter has, whether it is in the body of a living thing or in common matter outside of the body.
    The functional and metabolistic movements have the characteristic of being managed by intelligence.
    In order to have perfect functional and metabolistic vibrations, the structure must be sound. (Prin. 5, 24)
    Since all matter has physical vibration, it is clear that Innate cannot break this universal law, (Prin. 24) yet she can adapt it to her uses.  This is mentioned, since, bone, a hard rock-like material, does not move it cells when it functions, as does muscle.  Yet, its function, which is support, depends upon its hardness and resistive strength.  Hardness and resistance are physical "properties" of matter, as the result of cohesion, valency etc.  Innate, of course, wants this substance to be hard and resistive and she is the cause of it being that way, by determining the amount of cohesion and managing the valency.  Thus, we know that the function of bone depends upon "managed" physical "properties" and that these are given to matter by intelligence. (Prin. 1.)  Valency and cohesion etc. are forces expressed by molecules and atoms, hence motion exists there.  Therefore, a material of the body which seemingly has a passive function is really dependent upon functional impulses as well as metabolistic.  A little further thought along this line will show that the functioning of any tissue of the body is the result of "managed" natural forces of the universe.

Art. 89.    The Fourth Afferent Step Of The Cycle.  Impressions Of Vibrations.
    The message from the tissue cell to Innate Intelligence concerning its welfare and doings.
    The effect of vibrations of tissue cell upon the afferent nerve.
    In the Normal Complete Cycle this refers to the afferent current from any and every tissue cell and does not refer to special sense impressions.
    The vibrations are not transmitted over the afferent nerve, but the vibrations are impressed and the impressions are transmitted.
    An analogy may help to make this clear.  When a person steps into a telephone booth and takes down the receiver, he at once makes a complete electrical circuit which is unvariable and smooth.  It makes no sound for the unvariable current does not change the strength of the magnets in the telephone mechanism, and the diaphragms do not vibrate, hence there is no sound.  Then the person begins to speak.  His voice vibrates the diaphragm in the transmitter which "makes and breaks" the electrical current, which, then, is no longer smooth and travels in fluctuating strength.  This fluctuating current changes the strength of the magnet in the receiver at the listener’s end of the cycle, which causes the diaphragm in his receiver to vibrate, thus new sound is created which is a replica of the original sound at the transmitter.  At no time do the vibrations of the speaker’s voice leave the telephone booth, or travel over the wire, as is popularly supposed by many persons who do not have much knowledge of electricity.  The voice that the listener hears is re-created by his telephone in his booth, perhaps a thousand miles away from the speaker.

Art. 90.    The Fifth Afferent Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Afferent Nerve.
    The route from tissue cell to brain cell.
    The nerve from tissue cell to brain cell.
    In the Normal Complete Cycle, this does not refer to the Special Sense Nerves, but to the communication that each and every tissue cell has with Innate Intelligence.
    The route of the Afferent part of the Normal Complete Cycle has long been a debated question.  While the Afferent route is not definitely known; it is definitely known that there is an Afferent route.  As Chiropractic grows older and people’s knowledge of nerve physiology increases, more is known about the afferent nerves, and year by year the findings of the anatomist support the Chiropractic theories along this line.  Afferent nerve cells are visible enough and easily distinguishable from efferent nerve cells, but it is not clear, in every case, which are special sense nerves and which are merely general sense nerves.  It is clear that some special sense nerves, as the optic, are not common general sense nerves, but are highly specialized organs of nerve tissue, which besides their afferent report of vibrations of light, may or may not report general functional metabolistic conditions.
    After several years of study based upon clinical findings, study of the nervous system – its anatomy and physiology – linked up with the fundamentals of Chiropractic, the writer offers the following explanation.
    Every tissue cell has communication with Innate Intelligence in the brain by means of afferent nerves.  By infinitely gradual differences, some of these cells are able to do more communicating than others.  Because of this fact it is difficult to make any hard and fast demarcation into classes and any classification must be more or less arbitrary.  When this ability of a tissue cell becomes so great that a scientist can observe it, then it can be placed in the rank of special sense, and it is also very evident that such a cell, having so much ability of this kind, can do very little else, and clearly, is a special sense organ.  If a cell is so specially built, that reporting to Innate is its specialty, its special purpose; then its function is Sensory Function, one of the nine primary functions.  As all cells receive functional impulses in order to act coordinately, so the special sense cell must receive its functional impulses over efferent nerves, in order to act coordinately.  Such a cell is able to send to Innate impressions of both kinds of senses; viz., special and general; those concerning environment and those concerning itself; while less sensitive cells can only communicate about themselves.  The student can see that the only possible line of demarcation between these two kinds of senses is arbitrarily determined by objective manifestations.

Art. 91.    The Sixth Afferent Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Transmission.
    The carrying of impressions of vibrations to the brain.
    The afferent message being conveyed to Innate Intelligence.
    It is not a mechanical trembling of the nerve.
    Transmission is just the same in Afferent nerves as in Efferent nerves.  Impressions of vibrations are mental force just as much as mental impulses are; and their transmission is accomplished in the same way.  The student is cautioned not to fall into the error of believing that impressions are a mechanical thrust or punch on nerve ends which "jiggle" their way to the brain, where they violently shake the brain and alarm Innate.  An impression is the intellectual personification of the adaptability of the tissue cell, (Prin. 7,18) and this intellectual force is transmitted, not as vibrations, but as representing the intellectuality behind the vibrations.

Art. 92.    The Seventh Afferent Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Brain Cell.
    The place where Innate interprets the impression of vibration.
    The place where the impression is changed to enter the mental realm.
    It is the receiving department of Innate’s workshop.
    The same kind of brain cell as efferent and perhaps in some cases the same one.

Art. 93.    The Eighth Afferent Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Reception.
    Impressions arriving at the mental establishment.
    Receipt of the afferent messages.
    Brain cell is a tissue cell and receives the same way as any tissue cell.
    The receipt is in Innate Brain.

Art. 94.    The Ninth Afferent Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Mental.
    The same mental establishment as studied in the efferent half of the cycle.

Art. 95.    The Tenth Afferent Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Interpretation.
    Analysis of the impression by Innate Intelligence.
    Judging the impression.
    Transforming the impression into thought.
    Changing from the material realm to the immaterial realm.
    When the unit of information, the impression, reaches the brain cell it is judged by Innate.  This judgment is a thought and therefore in the mental realm.  The process is just the reverse to that of transformation, in the efferent half of the cycle.  When it is thus changed Innate knows the character of the vibration; whether it is normal or abnormal, good or bad for the body.  This knowledge is named in the next step.

Art. 96.    The Eleventh Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Sensation.
    What Innate knows about one impression.
    A unit of knowledge, from a unit of interpretation, of a unit message, concerning a unit of condition, of a unit of matter doing a unit of function, impelled by a unit of mental force, in a unit of time.
    The product of interpretation.
    A form of energy, that has been transformed back into thought by Innate.
    Innate now knows what it is and whether or not, it is good for the body.
    Sensation is strictly a mental process or the product of a mental process.  It is never abnormal.  It may be knowledge of something abnormal but it is never abnormal itself.  Sensation is always in the brain.  In case of sensation from special sense, the popular belief is that it is in the periphery, but such is not the case.  For instance, when you touch an object it seems to you that the sensation, of the object felt, is in the fingers.  The object is at the fingers but the sensation is in the brain.  The cells of the fingers could report in vain, if there were not this mental process.

Art. 97.    The Twelfth Afferent Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Ideation.
    The sum total of sensations.
    The ultimate conclusion of Innate, based upon the total news received.
    The complete mental picture.
    The opinion which Innate has formed about the periphery, based upon the total of sensations.
    Sensation is merely one unit; it is not enough to give complete information.  Let us use an analogy.  We read the headlines of a newspaper stating that there has been a bad train wreck.  The information conveys but little at first and it is not until we read further particulars that we are able to begin to visualize it.  When we have read several subsequent newspapers we are able to picture the wreck quite clearly.

Art. 98.    The Thirteenth Afferent Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Innate Intelligence.
    The judge of impressions.
    The intellect that has the ideation.
    The same Innate as studied in the efferent half.

Art. 99.    The Fourteenth Afferent Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Intellectual Adaptation.
    The plans of Innate to meet circumstances.
    The planning of ways and means to overcome or utilize universal forces and matter.
    Innate’s only function.
    It differs from adaptation in that intellectual adaptation is a mental process, and adaptation is the physical personification of intellectual adaptation; mental and physical contrast.
    It differs from adaptability in that intellectual adaptation is the action of intelligence, while adaptability indicates the possession of said intellect; contrast between the ability of the actor and the action of the actor.
    When Innate receives the impressions from the tissue cell, the material conditions of the cell and the forces existent there, through ideation, become known to Innate, in quantity, quality and intensity.  Upon these then, are based the response.  In order to maintain harmony, the response will have to be of such quantity, quality and intensity as to give a balance for that moment.  The next moment will bring forth a new set of affairs.  Thus we see that instead of a steady flow of force from brain cell to tissue cell, there is a continual change. (See Fig. 10.)  The amount of attention from Innate Intelligence, for any given moment, is always one hundred per cent, although this may be more or less than at the moment before.  It is a very fine working of the law of systematic change.
    The student is advised to get this principle well in mind, for upon it depends his understanding of many subjects based upon it.  Remember that the mental flow to a tissue cell is never constant but always is changing.  The expression "one hundred per cent of mental impulses," or "one hundred percent flow" so often used carelessly in Chiropractic, does not indicate quantity, but is used to indicate perfection of change.
    To put it very simply, Innate might be called "The Artful Dodger" and the "one hundred per cent" represents a perfectly successful dodge.  It is a one hundred per cent manipulation of forces.
    Let us again use the example of the law of Demand and Supply.  From the tissue cell’s actions emanate physical forces, which affect the afferent nerve, which in turn transmits the impressions to the "clearing house", where the needs of the tissue cell become known to Innate.  Whereupon, mental impulses, (the urge of service) are sent out, not only to the tissue cell in question, but to others.  Through the cooperative actions of the other tissue cells and the action of the tissue cell itself, actions (functioning) take place which benefit the condition of that cell.  Hence it is easy to see that the more active the tissue cell, the more adaptation it needs.  A muscle cell or a glandular cell is more active than a bone cell, therefore needs a greater variation of forces and more material supply.  They need more cooperative action from other cells.  Muscle cells, which are very active, require water, carbon, oxygen, and many other chemicals which must be supplied through the activity of other cells, such as glandular.  These other glandular cells must be supplied with these substances from the external, in order to have them to prepare; and that is the task, perhaps, of this muscular cell.  Thus there is a round, a cycle, which is very necessary, and when perfectly done is coordination.  Should any of these cells fail in their functioning, some cells, somewhere, will suffer.  Imperfections in the working of the law of Demand and Supply, any where, will cause neglect, inconvenience or suffering.

Art. 100.    The Fifteenth Afferent Step Of The Normal Complete Cycle.  Universal Intelligence.
    The source of the energy which performs all the foregoing miracles.  It being infinite, cannot fully be described, and cannot be defined at all.  The beginning and ending of the Normal Complete Cycle.

Art. 101.    Resume Of The Normal Complete Cycle.
    The Normal Complete Cycle is the story of what happens between cause and effect and effect and cause.
    The list of thirty-one steps is the conventional outline of the story.
    The Story.
    Universal Intelligence is in all matter and continually gives to it all the properties and actions.  The expression of this intelligence through matter is the Chiropractic meaning of life; therefore life is necessarily the union of intelligence and matter.  Force unites intelligence and matter.  Universal Intelligence gives force to both inorganic and organic matter.  That force which Universal gives to organic matter as a higher order of its manifestations, is called Innate Intelligence.  The mission of Innate Intelligence is to maintain the material of the body of the organic unit in active organization.  It does this by adapting the forces of universal, (which as physical laws are unswerving and unadapted and have no solicitude for matter) so they can be used in the body; so that all parts will have co-ordinated action, thus every part has mutual benefit.  This work of Innate is entirely Mental.  For this reason the forces of Innate never injure or destroy the tissues.  The forces of Innate are mental for they are far superior to physical forces, because they control physical forces.  This assembling of universal forces is called Creation, for they have definite form and purpose, eventually.  The headquarters of Innate’s control, in the body, is the brain, and the definite unit of this is called Brain Cell.  From the brain cell as a unit, Innate controls a unit of matter.  In the brain cell as a physical workshop of material, Innate Transforms the mental force into a definite unit, for a given tissue cell, for a given moment.  This specific force, when transformed, is a force which is either a physical energy or a form that controls or sets into action, physical energies.  It is called Mental Impulse.  The departure of the mental impulse from the brain cell is called Propulsion.  If it is like a physical energy it requires effort.  The forces of Innate Intelligence operate through or over the nervous system.  That which has efferent direction and which conducts the mental impulse is called Efferent Nerve.  Since the physical energies can suffer interruption in their transmission, in a like manner, the forces of Innate can suffer interference with transmission; and that is the basis for the existence of Chiropractic.  This comparison, also, is the basis of some theories, which contend that the mental impulse is a physical force and therefore subject to the same laws as any other physical force; but it should always be remembered that these physical energies are in the adapted form (if this theory is used) and therefore not injurious to tissue as electricity would be.
    The conveyance of the mental impulse over the efferent nerve is Transmission.  Over this route of specialized material the mental impulse travels to Tissue Cell were it is Received, whereupon the mental conception of Innate, as to what that cell should be or how it should act, comes to pass.  That which was only mental, now becomes a physical fact.  It shows by its very character that an intelligence planned the form or the action, and this evidence of intelligence is called Expression; meaning the coming forth through matter; the showing of intelligence.  Things which show this are said to be alive and such expression is called life.  The character of this action is determined by the character of the tool used by Innate to express herself, therefore the purpose or the action of this tool which is the tissue cell, is Function.  The function of matter is to express force.  In the tissue cell, which is a specific kind of matter, the specific forces of Innate are expressed in a specific manner by an instrument built for the particular kind of expression.  The prompt and correct action of that tissue cell, being actuated by Innate’s specific force in harmony with all other cells, is called Coordination.  In this, we see the working of the law of cause and effect, and that every process requires time.  In order to perform its function, the tissue cell has motion, both molecular and as a whole cell.  This movement is called Vibration.  These vibrations give off physical forces which are impressed upon the afferent nerve as a form of force called Impression.  These impressions are transmitted over the Afferent Nerve.  This Transmission is similar to transmission in the efferent half of the cycle, for the forces are similar.  When it reaches the afferent Brain Cell, it is Received much in the same manner as the tissue cell receives, for brain cell is a tissue cell, after all.  When this force has reached brain cell, it is immediately admitted into the Mental realm by Mental Interpretation.  The product of this act of interpretation by Innate is a Sensation.  When Innate has a number of sensations, she has a correct image of the condition of the tissue cell and this is named Ideation.  Ideation can be the possession of nothing but intelligence.  The intelligence in the body, of course, is Innate Intelligence.  When Innate Intelligence knows what the tissue cell needs, she plans ways and means to make it adapt to its environmental conditions and the mental process of this is Intellectual Adaptation.  The great source of supply from which Innate draws her forces is UNIVERSAL INTELLIGENCE.

Art. 102.    REVIEW OF PRINCIPLES.

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